levamisole / Generic mfg. 
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  • ||||||||||  cimetidine / Generic mfg., levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Review, Journal:  Systemic immunotherapy for the treatment of warts: A literature review. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 27, 2022   
    Furthermore, in the majority of cases, their safety and effectiveness have not been evaluated in double-blind, controlled clinical trials, making the reproducibility of many of the listed treatments difficult to analyze and a possible placebo effect difficult to rule out. The different types of immunotherapy for warts are mentioned in this report.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Levamisole causes a transient increase in plasma creatinine levels but does not affect kidney function based on cystatin C. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 26, 2022   
    Levamisole increases plasma creatinine levels, which is most probably due to impaired tubular secretion of creatinine since there was no assay interference and patients had normal eGFR based on serum cystatin C. However, interference of metabolites of levamisole could not be excluded. To monitor GFR, cystatin C in addition to creatinine should be used and be measured before and during levamisole use.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Targeted selective treatment with anthelmintic for New Zealand dairy heifers. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 24, 2022   
    All ST calves were treated every month with an oral anthelmintic at 1 mL/5 kg LW, delivering 0.2 mg abamectin, 8 mg levamisole and 4.5 mg oxfendazole/kg LW, (Control)...In conclusion, TST can be effective in reducing anthelmintic use and maintaining group level performance. LW and LWG sensitivity was 57-85 % and 66-93 %; specificity 38-83 % and 32-79.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Allele specific PCR for a major marker of levamisole resistance in Haemonchus contortus. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 16, 2022   
    In the LEV-resistant field population, a high proportion (>75%) of L encoded the S168T variant, whereas the variant was absent in the susceptible isolates studied. These data further support the potential role of acr-8 S168T in LEV resistance, with the allele-specific PCR providing an important step towards establishing a sensitive molecular diagnostic test for LEV resistance.
  • ||||||||||  LEUKOPENIA IN ACUTE LOBAR PNEUMONIA: IDENTIFYING THE CULPRIT (Convention Center Exhibit Hall: Poster Area) -  Aug 16, 2022 - Abstract #CHEST2022CHEST_1840;    
    After two weeks of intravenous treatment, the patient was switched to oral amoxicillin for five days, which resulted in a spontaneous increase in white blood cell count and symptoms resolution...One of the postulated mechanisms through which levamisole causes leukopenia is the formation of cytolysis via complement fixation and hapten-induced immune response to white blood cells [2]... Cocaine use should always be on the list of differentials in patients with substance abuse disorder who are found to have a neutropenic fever to prevent life-threatening opportunistic infection via timely management.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Magnoflorine from Tinospora crispa upregulates innate and adaptive immune responses in Balb/c mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 31, 2022   
    Magnoflorine at 100 mg/kg exhibited comparable stimulation of B cell production compared to levamisole at 2.5 mg/kg...At similar concentrations, magnoflorine also exhibited a strong dose-dependent stimulation on DTH reaction and upregulation of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) production in mice immunized with sRBC. The strong upregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses indicates that magnoflorine has potential to be developed into an effective immunostimulant.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Levamisole-Induced Leukoencephalopathy in Russia: Analysis of 30 Cases. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 31, 2022   
    Growing evidence suggests that a single administration of levamisole even in low doses might potentially lead to severe neurological deficit or death. Therefore, changes in medication management policies are required in order to prevent the uncontrolled use of levamisole.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Investigating the benefits of targeted selective treatment according to average daily weight gain against gastrointestinal nematodes in Morada Nova lambs. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 17, 2022   
    For CT, RT, and TST groups, the following results were obtained: mean EPG values were 4665.1, 3063.5, and 3462.1 in the rainy season and 4475.1, 1341.7, and 2863.4 in the dry season, respectively; mean PCV values were 32.1, 33.4, and 32.3% in the rainy season and 33.9, 36.0, and 35.1% in the dry season; mean DWG readings were 0.087, 0.101, and 0.094 kg in the rainy season and 0.102, 0.113, and 0.112 kg in the dry season; efficacies of levamisole in FECRT were 66.4, 24.1, and 76.4% in the rainy and 90.7, 12.4, and 64.8% in the dry season, respectively; in the RESISTA-Test, the LC values were 0.482, 1.926, and 0.117 µg.mL in the rainy and 0.437, 0.851, and 0.045 µg.mL in the dry season, respectively; the frequencies of the homozygous-resistant genotype were 57.1, 71.4, and 40.0% in the rainy and 47.8, 55.9, and 41.9% in the dry season. In conclusion, TST reduced the development of resistance through refugia maintenance, without productive losses, contributing to the sustainability of sheep breeding.
  • ||||||||||  cyclophosphamide / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Immunomodulatory Effect of Ginsenoside Rb2 Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 13, 2022   
    Molecular docking results showed that Rb2 had excellent binding properties with IL-4, SYK, IL-2, TNF, and IL-6, indicating the target protein might be strongly correlated with the immunomodulatory effect of Rb2. Taken together, ginsenoside Rb2 can improve the immune function that is declined in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, the efficacy maybe due to the regulation of related cytokine and mRNA expression.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  A severe case of Levamisole-induced vasculitis. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 10, 2022   
    It is important for clinicians to recognize the typical location and clinical presentation of these patients to reach a proper diagnosis. We present a severe case of levamisole-induced vasculitis in a cocaine user to highlight the classic clinical findings and the diagnostic evaluation for these patients.
  • ||||||||||  moxidectin / Generic mfg., albendazole / Generic mfg., levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Susceptibility of Angiostrongylus cantonensis Larvae to Anthelmintic Drugs. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 10, 2022   
    Collectively, our study revealed that macrocyclic lactones, levamisole, pyrantel pamoate, and albendazole are important anthelmintic agents against A. cantonensis. The results of this in vitro study also suggest that A. cantonensis L1 may be a particularly sensitive and useful model for anthelmintic studies.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Sensitivity to the Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist Levamisole. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 5, 2022   
    Vigorous swimming of the animals in liquid allows for the assessment and quantitation of levamisole-induced paralysis in hundreds of worms over a one-hour time period without requiring physical manipulation. This procedure can be used with both wild-type and mutants that have altered sensitivity to levamisole to demonstrate the functional consequences of altered signaling at the NMJ.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Exploring e-psychonauts perspectives towards cocaine effects and toxicity. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 29, 2022   
    Not only it informed about the sources and modalities of use of cocaine but also about the adverse events and social harm associated with cocaine use. The present findings serve as useful information for practitioners and healthcare professionals dealing with cocaine users.
  • ||||||||||  monepantel (PAA1) / Pharmaust
    Journal:  Effectiveness of Anthelmintic Treatments in Small Ruminants in Germany. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 25, 2022   
    Thus, a nationwide field study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of 253 treatments performed in 223 small ruminant flocks by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) using pooled samples and a modified McMaster method...Reduced effectiveness was observed for treatments with all examined anthelmintic classes, but treatments with benzimidazoles and moxidectin showed significantly poorer results than monepantel, a closantel and mebendazole combination, and levamisole...Unsuccessful treatments were frequently associated with the survival of H. contortus, but this was also observed for non-Haemonchus genera. The results are highly concerning, and sustainable approaches to parasite control are urgently needed to prevent further deterioration of this situation.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Deleterious effects of levamisole, a cocaine adulterant, in rabbit aorta. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 14, 2022   
    At lower concentrations, it enhances the contractile sympathetic response by blocking presynaptic α-adrenergic receptors, while at high concentrations, the effect of the antagonism of α-adrenergic receptor prevails. In addition, levamisole induces endothelial dysfunction by reducing NO bioavailability, and this effect could be in part mediated by oxidative stress.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNOSTIMULATING EFFECT OF CARICA PAPAYA-BASED IMMUNOSTIMULATORY COMPLEXES AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE INFECTIONS (E-Poster Gallery) -  Jun 7, 2022 - Abstract #ISPPD2022ISPPD_640;    
    The results were compared to the standard drug (levamisole)...Conclusions It can be inferred from this study that Carica papaya leaves have the immunomodulatory capacity and have significant saponin yield which could potentially serve as a component of Immunostimulatory complexes formulation. Carica papaya-based Immunostimulatory complexes exhibit improved immunogenicity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal:  Cocaine-induced vasculitis and mimics of vasculitis (Pubmed Central) -  May 26, 2022   
    In Germany, cocaine is frequently adulterated with levamisole, an anthelminthic drug with immunomodulatory effects...Differentiation of these conditions from primary vasculitis can be challenging because antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are commonly detected. Early diagnosis of these conditions is crucial as clinical improvement is closely related to drug cessation.
  • ||||||||||  progesterone / Generic mfg., venlafaxine / Generic mfg., levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Comprehensive screening of polar emerging organic contaminants including PFASs and evaluation of the trophic transfer behavior in a freshwater food web. (Pubmed Central) -  May 26, 2022   
    Overall, the detected compounds belong to a diverse group of chemicals, including 71 pharmaceuticals, 27 metabolites, 26 pesticides, 16 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), 4 plasticizers, 3 flame retardants, 11 other industrial chemicals and 14 others. Moreover, we determined the trophic magnification factor (TMF) of 34 polar CECs with >80% detection frequency, among which 6 PFASs including perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), exhibited biomagnification potential (TMF =1.8 - 4.2, p < 0.05), whereas 5 pharmaceuticals (phenazone, progesterone, venlafaxine, levamisole, and lidocaine) and 1 personal care product metabolite (galaxolidone) showed biodilution potential (TMF = 0.4 - 0.6, p < 0.05).
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Retiform Purpura of the Lower Limbs Associated with Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine. (Pubmed Central) -  May 7, 2022   
    Thrombotic microangiopathy was documented in 13 patients by skin biopsy (21.6%) and only 3 presented macrovascular venous thromboembolic events (5%). Levamisole is a common adulterant found in cocaine; the resultant toxicity can present with cutaneous manifestations, namely retiform purpura and skin necrosis, similar to antiphospholipid syndrome.Patients presenting with such features should be asked about illicit drug use, specifically cocaine, and investigated by screening urine for drugs of abuse and serum antihuman elastase antibody when possible.
  • ||||||||||  Avastin (bevacizumab) / Roche, vatalanib (PTK787) / Novartis, Bayer, Nexavar (sorafenib) / Bayer, Amgen
    Preclinical, Journal:  In Vitro Angiogenesis Inhibition and Endothelial Cell Growth and Morphology. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 30, 2022   
    Additionally, several nuclear receptor ligands and miscellaneous compounds that might affect EC growth and differentiation were tested, but only dexamethasone gave rise to cluster formation similarly to VEGF-neutralizing compounds. These results point to a link between angiogenesis, HUVEC differentiation and glucocorticoid receptor activation.
  • ||||||||||  levamisole / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Cholinergic signalling at the body wall neuromuscular junction distally inhibits feeding behaviour in C. elegans. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 29, 2022   
    In fact, the selective stimulation of the body wall muscle receptors with the agonist levamisole inhibited pumping in a lev-1-dependent fashion...This implies an uncharacterized lev-1-containing receptor underpins this effect. Overall, our results reveal that body wall cholinergic transmission not only controls locomotion but simultaneously inhibits feeding behaviour.