leflunomide / Generic mfg. 
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  • ||||||||||  methotrexate / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Liver Abnormalities in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 2, 2021   
    Liver abnormalities are common among patients with PsA and are associated with higher BMI, more severe disease and certain therapies.
  • ||||||||||  leflunomide / Generic mfg.
    Trial completion date, Trial primary completion date, IO biomarker:  Leflunomide in Treating Patients with Steroid Dependent Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Sep 1, 2021   
    P1,  N=24, Recruiting, 
    Liver abnormalities are common among patients with PsA and are associated with higher BMI, more severe disease and certain therapies. Trial completion date: Aug 2021 --> Aug 2023 | Trial primary completion date: Aug 2021 --> Aug 2023
  • ||||||||||  Sunvepra (asunaprevir) / BMS
    Preclinical, Journal:  In Vitro Model for a Drug Assessment of Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4 Substrates Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Genome Editing Technology. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 26, 2021   
    To evaluate whether drug-induced hepatotoxicity and enterotoxicity could be predicted using our model, we exposed CYP3A4-KO HLCs and IECs to acetaminophen, amiodarone, desipramine, leflunomide, tacrine, and tolcapone and confirmed that these cells could predict CYP3A4-mediated toxicity...CYP3A4-KO HLCs were treated with asunaprevir (antiviral drug metabolized by CYP3A4) after HCV infection, and the anti-viral effect was indeed strengthened by CYP3A4 KO. We succeeded in generating a novel evaluation system for prediction of CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity.
  • ||||||||||  Vistide (cidofovir) / Gilead
    Journal:  T-cell adoptive immunotherapy for BK nephropathy in renal transplantation. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 13, 2021   
    We conclude that the T-cell adoptive immunotherapy reduced BKPyV load significantly despite extensive infection, but attendant fibrosis and tubular atrophy led to graft failure. Early intervention with T-cell therapy may prove efficacious in BKPyV nephropathy.
  • ||||||||||  leflunomide / Generic mfg.
    Enrollment closed, Enrollment change, Trial completion date, Trial primary completion date:  Leflunomide for the Treatment of High-Risk Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Aug 12, 2021   
    P1,  N=1, Active, not recruiting, 
    Early intervention with T-cell therapy may prove efficacious in BKPyV nephropathy. Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | N=10 --> 1 | Trial completion date: Jun 2021 --> Jun 2023 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2021 --> Jun 2023
  • ||||||||||  leflunomide / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Intra-articular Dual Drug Delivery for Synergistic Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 6, 2021   
    Herein, an attempt made to improve therapeutic outcomes of both leflunomide (LEF) which is a disease modifying antirheumatic and dexamethasone (Dex) through local delivery of combination therapy by intra-articular route...Joint diameter measurements, TNF α levels and histopathological examination of dissected joints showed comparable values to the negative control group. This might be attributed to the synergistic effect of drug combination besides the ability of nanocarriers loaded hydrogel to prolong joint residence time and enhance joint healing potential.
  • ||||||||||  ifosfamide / Generic mfg.
    [VIRTUAL] Management of Hemorrhagic Cystitis (CHANNEL C) -  Jul 31, 2021 - Abstract #ICBMT2021ICBMT_29;    
    Early-onset HC is caused by chemotherapeutic agents including cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, and etoposide...The incidence of early-onset HC has decreased with the concomitant use of mesna and adequate hydration...These include antiviral drugs, fluoroquinolones, leflunomide, growth factors, clotting factors, estrogens, and prostaglandins...It is anticipated that the number of such patients will increase in future with the overall increase in HSCT recipients globally. Due to lack of high-quality data, there is no accepted standard of care for the prevention and treatment of this entity and requires collective efforts.
  • ||||||||||  leflunomide / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Temporal and Spatial Changes in Phyllosphere Microbiome of Acacia Trees Growing in Arid Environments. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 30, 2021   
    These results shed light on the unique desert phyllosphere microbiome highlighting the importance of multiple genotypic and abiotic factors in shaping the epiphytic and endophytic microbial communities. This study also shows that only a few bacterial families dominate both epiphyte and endophyte communities, highlighting the importance of climate change (precipitation, air temperature, and humidity) in affecting arid land ecosystems where acacia trees are considered keystone species.
  • ||||||||||  leflunomide / Generic mfg.
    [VIRTUAL] Association between Leflunomide and Pulmonary Hypertension (Channel 6) -  Jul 29, 2021 - Abstract #ERS2021ERS_1312;    
    PH associated with leflunomide is rare and usually associated with other risk factors. The pharmacovigilance analysis suggests an association reinforced by experimental data.
  • ||||||||||  leflunomide / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Interactions Between Salmonella enterica Newport, Fusarium spp., and Melon Cultivars. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 29, 2021   
    In four repeated trials, rind discs from cultivars, Arava, Athena, Dulce Nectar, Jaune de Canaries, and Sivan fruit, grown in the field and in high tunnels in Maryland were inoculated separately with Fusarium isolates, F. oxysporum, F. fujikuroi, F. armeniacum, and F. proliferatum, with no Fusarium inoculation serving as a control and incubated at 25°C...However, melons with netted rinds appeared to favor Salmonella colonization compared with smooth melons. Choice of melon cultivar may be an important consideration in reducing Salmonella colonization risk in areas where Salmonella may be endemic in the environment.
  • ||||||||||  Actemra IV (tocilizumab) / Roche, JW Pharma
    Journal:  Aortitis: an update. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 24, 2021   
    An impressive number of studies have addressed aortitis in recent years. However, there still is a lack of robust data on causes, monitoring disease activity by imaging and biomarkers, and drugs providing steroid-free remission in noninfectious aortitis.
  • ||||||||||  leflunomide / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Efficacy and Safety of Leflunomide for Refractory COVID-19: A Pilot Study. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 20, 2021   
    The tolerability of the 14-28 days course of treatment with leflunomide is acceptable. These preliminary observations need to be verified by a large sample size and randomized controlled trial.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., thalidomide / Generic mfg., leflunomide / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Review, Journal:  The interplay between the immune system and SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 16, 2021   
    This includes cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), which affects the adaptive immune system, leading to exhaustion of natural killer (NK) cells and thrombocytopenia in some cases. This review examines the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the host immune system and the potential for the development of appropriate immunotherapy for the treatment of COVID-19.
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg., methotrexate / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal:  CP-25, a compound derived from paeoniflorin: research advance on its pharmacological actions and mechanisms in the treatment of inflammation and immune diseases. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 9, 2021   
    We summarize the regulatory effects of CP-25 on inflammation and immune-related cells, elucidate the possible mechanisms, and analyze the therapeutic prospects of CP-25 in inflammation and immune diseases, as well as the diseases related to its potential target G-protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 (GRK2). This review suggests that CP-25 is a promising agent in the treatment of inflammation and immune diseases, which requires extensive investigation in the future. Meanwhile, this review provides new ideas about the development of anti-inflammatory immune drugs.