- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
TAF/TFV PHARMACOKINETICS WHEN GIVEN WITH PI/InSTI ART IN THE CHAPAS-4 PEDIATRIC TRIAL ([VIRTUAL]) - Feb 7, 2022 - Abstract #CROI2022CROI_704;
Pharmacokinetic (PK) data on the use of TAF with boosted protease inhibitors (PIs) and dolutegravir (DTG) in children is currently lacking...919 African children aged 3-15 years failing first-line ART were randomised to TAF versus standard of care (SOC: abacavir or zidovudine) and to DTG, atazanavir/r (ATV/r), darunavir/r (DRV/r) or lopinavir/r (LPV/r) in a factorial design and are being followed for 96 weeks...Further PK data collection is ongoing including measurement of intracellular TFV levels in dried blood spots and population pharmacokinetic modelling. Safety is being monitored in all children.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
HTLV ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY IN FRENCH GUIANA 2009-2019 ([VIRTUAL]) - Feb 7, 2022 - Abstract #CROI2022CROI_659;
The first-line treatment modalities were based either on polychemotherapy or on zidovudine combined with pegylated interferon alpha...It shed light on the cultural and geographic diversity of the patients in this region with a clear predominance of Maroons. Patients presented with a younger age and the prognosis was poorer than expected, compared to Japanese patients.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
SWITCHED VERSUS RECYCLED nRTIs IN PI-BASED SECOND-LINE REGIMENS IN EAST AFRICA ([VIRTUAL]) - Feb 7, 2022 - Abstract #CROI2022CROI_633;
In programmatic care in East Africa, we found improved rates of virologic suppression among individuals switching NRTIs in PI-based second-line ART. Recommendations for second-line PI-based regimens with recycled NRTIs should be made with close observation of clinical outcomes.
- |||||||||| mitomycin / Generic mfg., zidovudine / Generic mfg., rifampicin / Generic mfg.
Journal: Inhibition of SOS Response by Nitric Oxide Donors in Escherichia coli Blocks Toxin Production and Hypermutation. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 29, 2022
Nitric oxide donors inhibited induction of the SOS response by classical inducers such as mitomycin C, ciprofloxacin, and zidovudine, as measured by assays for E. coli RecA...The NO donor S-nitroso-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) reduced hypermutation in vitro and in vivo, as measured by emergence of rifampin resistance...Downstream effects of this blockade included inhibition of Stx production and of hypermutation. Infection of rabbit loops with STEC resulted in a downregulation, rather than stimulation, of nitric oxide host defenses at 20 h of infection.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Assessing smoldering adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma: a case report. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 27, 2022
We teamed up with her oncologist to successfully treat her cutaneous symptoms with interferon-alpha/zidovudine. This report demonstrates efficacy with the employment of antiretroviral therapy immediately following a diagnosis of smoldering type ATLL.
- |||||||||| Ventavis (iloprost) / Bayer, J&J, University of Copenhagen
Journal: Inhibitory Potentiality of Secondary Metabolites Extracted from Marine Fungus Target on Avian Influenza Virus-A Subtype H5N8 (Neuraminidase) and H5N1 (Nucleoprotein): A Rational Virtual Screening. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 26, 2022
In case of drug prediction, the study recommends Estramustine and Iloprost against both nucleoprotein and neuraminidase. Besides these, Butorphanol, Desvenlafaxine, Zidovudine and Nadolol are the best drug candidates for nucleoprotein inhibitors, meanwhile, Sitaxentan, Ergoloid mesylate, Capecitabine and Fenoterol act as speculated candidates against neuraminidase.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Potential of mucoadhesive chitosan glutamate microparticles as microbicide carriers - antiherpes activity and penetration behavior across the human vaginal epithelium. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 21, 2022
This study aimed at elucidating the penetration and mucoadhesive behavior of developed gCS multiunit carriers with zidovudine (ZVD) as a model antiretroviral agent in contact with excised human vaginal epithelium followed with an examination of in vitro antiherpes activity in immortal human keratinocytes HaCaT and human vaginal epithelial cells VK2-E6/E7...Ex vivo penetration studies revealed that gCS increased the accumulation of active agent in the vaginal epithelium but surprisingly did not facilitate its penetration across human tissue. Finally, the obtained antiviral results demonstrated the potential of gCS as an antiherpes adjunctive, whose mode of action was related to blocking viral attachment.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: A Case of in utero Transmission of Drug-resistant HIV in the United States. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 20, 2022
We present a case of perinatal transmission of HIV with extensive nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance as a reminder that perinatal transmission of resistance mutations can occur. This case calls for further investigation into the utility of using genotype to determine neonatal prophylaxis in the setting of maternal HIV drug resistance.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
PK/PD data, Review, Journal: A Review on Pharmacokinetics properties of antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV-1 infections. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 18, 2022
These drugs are Fuzeon, Selzentry, Complera, Epivir, Retrovir, Emtriva, Ziagen, Edurant, Intelence, Pifeltro, Sustiva, Viramune, Isentress, Genvoya, Tivicay, Reyataz, Prezista, Lexiva, Invirase, Aptivus etc. classified into five major classes: fusion inhibitors, Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs), Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), Integrase Strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and Protease inhibitors (PIs). This review may be helpful for the future development of potent antiretroviral drugs with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Development of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Resistance to 4'-Ethynyl-2-Fluoro-2'-Deoxyadenosine (EFdA) Starting with Wild-Type or Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistant-Strains. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA, MK-8591, islatravir) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI) with exceptional potency against wild-type (WT) and drug-resistant HIV-1 in phase III clinical trials...To study EFdA resistance patterns that may emerge in naive or tenofovir (TFV)-, emtricitabine/lamivudine (FTC/3TC)-, or zidovudine (AZT)-treated patients, we performed viral passaging experiments starting with WT, K65R, M184V, or D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q HIV-1...Biochemical experiments confirmed decreases in the enzymatic efficiency (k/K) of WT vs. A114S (2.1-fold) and A114S/M184V/A502V (6.5-fold) RTs, with no effect of A502V on enzymatic efficiency or specific infectivity. The rather modest EFdA resistance of M184V or A114S/M184V (8- and 24-fold), their hypersusceptibility to tenofovir, and strong published in vitro and in vivo data, suggest that EFdA is an excellent therapeutic candidate for naïve, AZT-, FTC/3TC, and especially tenofovir-treated patients.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
SPEED DIALING NEONATES TO THE IDEAL POSTNATAL PROPHYLAXIS REGIMEN ([VIRTUAL]) - Dec 9, 2021 - Abstract #CROI2022CROI_73;
WHO recommends solid ARV formulations for children, but only raltegravir granules are available for use in term neonates...The combination of long-acting ARVs intravenously and/or subcutaneously administered bNAbs may offer protection against HIV transmission. As a pediatric community we should advocate for access to these newer ARVs to ensure that neonates are not left behind.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Retrospective data, Journal: A retrospective cohort study of incidence of anemia and risk factors in HIV/AIDS patients with access to antiretroviral therapy in Dehong Jingpo and Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan province, 2004-2018 (Pubmed Central) - Nov 25, 2021
The risk for anemia was higher in HIV/AIDS patients with specific characteristics, such as age ≥60 years , being female, being in Dai and Jingpo ethnic groups, lower BMI, CD4 <200 cells/μl, and treatment of AZT, after initiation of ART in Dehong during 2004-2018. Additional efforts are needed to strengthen the screening, prevention and treatment of anemia in this population.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Longitudinal changes in sex hormone-binding globulin in men with HIV. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 10, 2021
Aging-related increases in SHBG were faster among MWH vs HIV seronegative men and were related to poorer immunologic status and antiretroviral medication exposure. The mechanisms and consequences of these findings require further investigation.
- |||||||||| Beleodaq (belinostat) / Aurobindo
Trial in Progress: A Phase II Trial of Belinostat As Consolidation Therapy with Zidovudine for Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATLL) (GWCC - Hall B5, Level 1) - Nov 5, 2021 - Abstract #ASH2021ASH_4107;
Primary objectives are to evaluate safety and determine complete molecular response rate after addition of belinostat as consolidation therapy for ATLL during ZDV-based maintenance treatment. Secondary outcomes will include evaluation of clinical response rates, investigation of whether belinostat disrupts HTLV-1 latency load in vivo, investigation of whether belinostat provokes immune or cytotoxic T-cell response in vivo and determine the impact of belinostat/ZDV (+/- IFNα) on HTLV-1 proviral load (measure of HTLV-1 infected reservoirs), in vivo .
- |||||||||| Darzalex IV (daratumumab) / J&J, Avastin (bevacizumab) / Roche
Treatment Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in 40 Patients with Primary Effusion Lymphoma (GWCC - Hall B5, Level 1) - Nov 5, 2021 - Abstract #ASH2021ASH_3008;
Of the 39 patients who received front-line treatment, 38 received combination chemotherapy (EPOCH [36], CHOP [1], ICE [1]) with rituximab added in 34 patients to treat concurrent MCD or deplete the KSHV-infected B cell reservoir...Eleven patients with relapsed/refractory disease received second-line therapy, including combination chemotherapy (3); brentuximab (3); pembrolizumab (1); pembrolizumab and pomalidomide (1); interferon-alpha, ganciclovir, and bevacizumab (1); bortezomib, ganciclovir, and zidovudine (1); and radiation to pelvic lymph nodes (1)...Patients with extracavitary PEL appear to have improved OS, and we confirmed our prior study noting EBER-positive PEL is a positive prognostic marker. Promising chemotherapy-sparing treatment regimens in relapsed/refractory PEL, include pembrolizumab, pomalidomide, and daratumumab.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Adverse Reactions to Antiretrovirals in Cuban Patients Living with HIV/AIDS. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 5, 2021
The drug with the most notifications was nevirapine, and the most common adverse reaction was hypersensitivity. More than half of adverse reactions are considered preventable, and their main causes are prescription errors.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Long-term treated HIV infection is associated with platelet mitochondrial dysfunction. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 29, 2021
Prior zidovudine-use (n = 46) was associated with a trend for lower mtDNA...Platelet mitochondrial function is disturbed in PLHIV, which may contribute to platelet dysfunction and subsequent complications. Interventions targeting the preservation of normal platelet mitochondrial function may ultimately prove beneficial for PLHIV.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Acquired HIV drug resistance and virologic monitoring in a HIV hyper-endemic setting in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 29, 2021
Introduction of tenofovir (TDF) plus lamivudine (3TC) and dolutegravir (DTG) in first- and second-line HIV treatment regimens in South Africa warrants characterization of acquired HIV-1 drug resistance (ADR) mutations that could impact DTG-based antiretroviral therapy (ART)...Most participants (82%) with first-line viraemia maintained susceptibility to Zidovudine (AZT), and the majority of them had lost susceptibility to TDF (71%) and 3TC (84%)...As most patients with first-line viraemia had at least low-level resistance to TDF and 3TC, identifying viraemia before switch to TDF + 3TC + DTG is important to avoid DTG functional monotherapy. These findings highlight a need for close monitoring of outcomes on new standardized treatment regimens.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
[VIRTUAL] ADULT LEUKEMIA / T CELL LYMPHOMA: A CASE STORY () - Oct 27, 2021 - Abstract #HEMO2021HEMO_56;
Discussion The risk of HTLV-1 infection leading to ATLL is 6% to 7% in men and 2% to 3% in women within a period of 20 to 30 years. It is more common between 40 and 70 years of age and is classified as: acute, chronic, lymphomatous, indolent and, recently, in the primary tumoral form of the skin. The acute, lymphomatous and primary skin tumor forms have the worst prognosis. Clinically we can find adenomegaly (60%), hepatomegaly (26%), splenomegaly (22%) and skin lesions (39%). In the laboratory, hypercalcemia occurs in half of the patients and hyperbilirubinemia occurs in cases of hepatic infiltration, indicating a worse prognosis. Serum calcium and DHL levels reflect the extent of the disease and are used to assess its activity and clinical aggressiveness. In peripheral blood, leukocytes are normal or elevated and figures of “flowercells” are considered pathognomonic. Thus, the criteria for diagnosis are: presence of serum antibodies to HTLV-I; cytological or histopathological evidence of leukemia and/or lymphoma of mature T cells with CD4+/CD25+ surface antigens; presence of abnormal T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, mainly from flowecells; demonstration of HTLV-I monoclonal integration. In 2016, the Ministry of Health of Brazil published a protocol with the inclusion of Zidovudine (AZT) and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) for treatment.Conclusion ATLL presents clinical characteristics similar to other chronic lymphoproliferations and its diagnosis remains underestimated, resulting in late diagnosis and worse prognosis. Knowing that the incidence of this neoplasm is related to the prevalence of HTLV-1, there is a clear need for a better approach in early detection and prevention of transmission.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Retrospective data, Journal: Gender differences among patients with drug resistant tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in Uganda: a countrywide retrospective cohort study. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 27, 2021
It is more common between 40 and 70 years of age and is classified as: acute, chronic, lymphomatous, indolent and, recently, in the primary tumoral form of the skin. The acute, lymphomatous and primary skin tumor forms have the worst prognosis. Clinically we can find adenomegaly (60%), hepatomegaly (26%), splenomegaly (22%) and skin lesions (39%). In the laboratory, hypercalcemia occurs in half of the patients and hyperbilirubinemia occurs in cases of hepatic infiltration, indicating a worse prognosis. Serum calcium and DHL levels reflect the extent of the disease and are used to assess its activity and clinical aggressiveness. In peripheral blood, leukocytes are normal or elevated and figures of “flowercells” are considered pathognomonic. Thus, the criteria for diagnosis are: presence of serum antibodies to HTLV-I; cytological or histopathological evidence of leukemia and/or lymphoma of mature T cells with CD4+/CD25+ surface antigens; presence of abnormal T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, mainly from flowecells; demonstration of HTLV-I monoclonal integration. In 2016, the Ministry of Health of Brazil published a protocol with the inclusion of Zidovudine (AZT) and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) for treatment.Conclusion ATLL presents clinical characteristics similar to other chronic lymphoproliferations and its diagnosis remains underestimated, resulting in late diagnosis and worse prognosis. Knowing that the incidence of this neoplasm is related to the prevalence of HTLV-1, there is a clear need for a better approach in early detection and prevention of transmission. Mortality was higher among men than women with DRTB/HIV co-infection which could be explained by several sociodemographic and clinical differences.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Review, Journal: Liver Fibrosis during Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-Infected Individuals. Truth or Tale? (Pubmed Central) - Oct 27, 2021
Surprisingly, even though protease inhibitors often lead to insulin resistance, they do not seem to be associated with a significant risk of LF. In conclusion, most ART drugs are safe in long-term treatment and seldom lead to severe LF when no liver-related co-morbidities exist.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: High prevalence of NRTI and NNRTI drug resistance among ART-experienced, hospitalized inpatients. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 9, 2021
Addressing ART-failure promptly should be integrated into advanced disease care packages for this group. Switching to effective second-line medications should be considered after a single high VL on NNRTI-based first-line if CD4≤350 cells/µL or, when VL is unavailable, among patients with CD4≤100 cells/µL.
- |||||||||| zidovudine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Analysis of the time-varying Cox model for the cause-specific hazard functions with missing causes. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 8, 2021
These simulation results demonstrate that the augmented inverse probability weighted estimators are more efficient than the inverse probability weighted estimators and that the proposed testing procedures have the expected satisfactory results in sizes and powers. The proposed methods are illustrated using the Mashi clinical trial data for investigating the effect of randomization to formula-feeding versus breastfeeding plus extended infant zidovudine prophylaxis on death due to mother-to-child HIV transmission in Botswana.
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