Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker 
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  • ||||||||||  Azilva (azilsartan) / Takeda
    Preclinical, Journal:  Azilsartan improves urinary albumin excretion in hypertension mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 22, 2024   
    Moreover, the regulatory effect of Azilsartan on endothelial monolayer permeability in ANG/HS-treated HrGECs was abolished by the knockdown of KLF2, indicating KLF2 is required for the effect of Azilsartan. We concluded that Azilsartan alleviated diabetic nephropathy-induced increase in Uterine artery embolization (UAE) mediated by the KLF2/occludin axis.
  • ||||||||||  losartan / Generic mfg., ramipril / Generic mfg., eplerenone / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Cardioprotective and Antifibrotic Effects of Low-Dose Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Type 1 Diabetic Rat Model. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 17, 2023   
    Interestingly, only eplerenone reversed the decline in Klotho levels and reduced IMT and fibrosis in the media of the aorta. Our comparative analysis suggests that mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, particularly eplerenone, may offer superior efficacy in halting both the arterial and the myocardial injuries in T1DM compared to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers.
  • ||||||||||  metformin / Generic mfg., telmisartan / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Telmisartan versus metformin in downregulating myostatin gene expression and enhancing insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscles of type 2 diabetic rat model. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 14, 2023   
    Histologically, telmisartan attenuated the morphological damage in the skeletal muscle fibers compared to diabetic rats, as evidenced by a considerable decrease in the collagen deposition area percentage and a reduction in NF-kB expression in the muscle tissues of group III. Telmisartan administration dramatically reduced myostatin and NF-kB expressions in skeletal muscles, which improved insulin resistance and glucose uptake in these muscles, highlighting a novel antidiabetic mechanism of telmisartan in treating T2DM.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors for Heart Failure Treatment. (Pubmed Central) -  May 7, 2023   
    Many GPCR drug candidates are limited by insufficient efficacy and/or dose-limiting unwanted effects. Understanding the current challenges hindering successful clinical translation and the potential to overcome existing limitations will facilitate the future development of novel heart failure therapeutics.
  • ||||||||||  ivabradine / Generic mfg., ranolazine ER / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal:  PET for Detection and Reporting Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: A JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging Expert Panel Statement. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 8, 2023   
    In this respect, it was proposed by the cardiovascular council leadership of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging to convene thoughtful leaders from around the world to serve as an independent expert panel to develop standardized diagnosis, nomenclature and nosology, and cardiac PET reporting criteria for CMD. This consensus document aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology and clinical evidence of CMD, its invasive and noninvasive assessment, standardization of PET-determined MBFs and MFR into "classical" (predominantly related to hyperemic MBFs) and "endogen" (predominantly related to resting MBF) normal coronary microvascular function or CMD that may be critical for diagnosis of microvascular angina, subsequent patient care, and outcome of clinical CMD trials.
  • ||||||||||  metamizole / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal:  Acute Kidney Injury associated with "Triple whammy" combination: a protocol for a systematic review. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 10, 2023   
    This consensus document aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology and clinical evidence of CMD, its invasive and noninvasive assessment, standardization of PET-determined MBFs and MFR into "classical" (predominantly related to hyperemic MBFs) and "endogen" (predominantly related to resting MBF) normal coronary microvascular function or CMD that may be critical for diagnosis of microvascular angina, subsequent patient care, and outcome of clinical CMD trials. Also, the incidence of AKI associated to the exposure to "triple whammy" versus non-exposure will be analyzed, including only metamizole as NSAID.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Effects of olmesartan and amlodipine on blood pressure, endothelial function, and vascular inflammation. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 5, 2023   
    Also, the incidence of AKI associated to the exposure to "triple whammy" versus non-exposure will be analyzed, including only metamizole as NSAID. Our study indicated that olmesartan and amlodipine could improve endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension in different manners, suppression of vascular inflammation, and decrease in blood pressure variability, respectively.
  • ||||||||||  Entresto (sacubitril/valsartan) / Novartis, ROVI Pharmaceuticals Laboratories
    Biomarker, Review, Journal:  Assessing clinical and biomarker characteristics to optimize the benefits of sacubitril/valsartan in heart failure. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 10, 2023   
    For example, this drug may exert antifibrotic and neurohumoral modulatory effects through inhibition or activation of several signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss markers of cardiac remodeling, fibrosis, systemic inflammation; activation of neurohormonal pathways, including the natriuretic system and the sympathetic nervous system; the presence of comorbidities; patient characteristics; hemodynamics; and HF signs and symptoms that may all be used to (1) better understand the mechanisms of action of sacubitril/valsartan and (2) help to identify subsets of patients who might benefit from treatment, regardless of LVEF.
  • ||||||||||  Farxiga (dapagliflozin) / Ono Pharma, AstraZeneca, Kerendia (finerenone) / Bayer
    Journal:  Current options for slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 21, 2022   
    In the near future, treatment with the mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitor finerenone should be made available that significantly potentiates the effect of ACE or ARB inhibitors. Recent data show that it is possible to influence the progression of renal insufficiency with exercise.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  Olmesartan Ameliorates Organ Injury and Mortality in Rats With Peritonitis-Induced Sepsis. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 24, 2022   
    This study found a pivotal role of AngII/AT1R signaling in gefitinib-induced cardiac hypertrophy, which may provide novel approaches in the management of EGFRIs-induced cardiotoxicity. OLM markedly attenuated CLP-induced hypotension and organ injury, and hence improved survival by inhibiting the inflammatory response and nitrosative stress in this clinically relevant model of sepsis.
  • ||||||||||  losartan / Generic mfg., irbesartan / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System Fails to Suppress β-Aminopropionitrile-Induced Thoracic Aortopathy in Mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 24, 2022   
    OLM markedly attenuated CLP-induced hypotension and organ injury, and hence improved survival by inhibiting the inflammatory response and nitrosative stress in this clinically relevant model of sepsis. Inhibition of either angiotensin II action or production of the renin-angiotensin system does not attenuate BAPN-induced thoracic aortopathies in mice.
  • ||||||||||  metformin / Generic mfg., propranolol / Generic mfg.
    Retrospective data, Review, Journal:  Pharmacotherapy in Clinical Trials for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 18, 2022   
    Although the meta-analysis showed that metformin use was associated with lower AAA growth and AAA-related events, all of the included studies about metformin were cohort studies or case-control studies. More randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed for further verification.
  • ||||||||||  losartan / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Effect of losartan treatment on Smad signaling and recovery from hindlimb unloading-induced soleus muscle atrophy in female rats. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2022   
    Losartan administration during reloading resulted in increased Smad1/5/8 and mTOR signaling and decreased Smad2/3 signaling and protein ubiquitination, facilitating the recovery of atrophied soleus muscle. Therefore, losartan administration-induced muscle recovery may partially be attributed to enhanced Smad1/5/8 and mTOR signaling activation, and reduced activation of canonical TGF-β signaling (Smad2/3) in the soleus muscle.
  • ||||||||||  losartan potassium / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Effects of losartan and exercise on muscle mass and exercise endurance of old mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 1, 2022   
    LE group, but not E and L groups, had greater muscle mass, larger muscle fiber CSA, and greater muscle IL-6 levels than that in the C group after 4 months of intervention. These results suggest that losartan promotes the adaptions of muscle mass with exercise training in healthy older animals.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors on COVID-19. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 19, 2022   
    Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm the role of RAS inhibitors in COVID-19. In this review, we summarize the potential effects of RAS inhibitors that have come to light thus far and review the impact of RAS inhibitors on COVID-19.
  • ||||||||||  pioglitazone / Generic mfg., telmisartan / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal, IO biomarker:  Addressing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma in 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Striatal Neurotoxicity in Rats. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 9, 2022   
    Telmisartan (TEL) is an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker and a partial activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), which regulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways...The PPARγ effect of TEL was affirmed by using the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (PIO), and the antagonist GW9662...Interestingly, co-treatment with GW9662 partially revoked the beneficial effects of TEL. These findings recommend that TEL improves motor and cognitive performance, while reducing neuronal inflammation and apoptosis in 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity via a PPARγ-dependent mechanism.
  • ||||||||||  Cyclurad (cycloserine/lurasidone) / NeuroRx
    Journal:  Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: concepts and challenges for novel interventions. (Pubmed Central) -  May 25, 2022   
    Although there is no consensus about the concept of TRBD, better clarification of the neurobiology associated with treatment non-response could help identify novel strategies. More research is warranted, mainly focusing on personalizing current treatments to optimize response and remission rates.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Aldosterone breakthrough from a pharmacological perspective. (Pubmed Central) -  May 18, 2022   
    Aldo breakthrough puts hypertensive patients at higher risk of cardiovascular disease and worsens future outcomes. This review discusses Aldo secretion and the mechanism of Aldo breakthrough, dependent or independent of the RAAS, with consideration of the pharmacological aspects of this phenomenon, as well as hypothetical views.
  • ||||||||||  losartan potassium / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Evaluation of the effects of mild aerobic exercise and Losartan treatment on aortic endothelial function in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. (Pubmed Central) -  May 14, 2022   
    In addition, direct inhibition of NO production via L-Name, a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, effectively reduced PE-induced contraction in MFS mice aorta that were subjected to exercise or Losartan treatment, further confirming that both exercise and Losartan treatment cause an increase in NO production. This study highlights the importance of endothelial function in improving the function and structure of aortic wall during the progression of aortic aneurysm in MFS mice and establish the notion that the protective effects of aerobic exercise and Losartan treatments are potentially through improving endothelium-mediated nitric oxide production.
  • ||||||||||  fenofibrate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Role of abnormal energy metabolism in the progression of chronic kidney disease and drug intervention. (Pubmed Central) -  May 12, 2022   
    Currently, drugs with clinically clear renal function protection, such as Angiotensin II Type 1 receptor blockers and fenofibrate, have been proven to improve energy metabolism disorders...Moreover, several drugs are being studied and are predicted to have potential renal protective properties. We propose that the regulation of energy metabolism represents a promising strategy to delay the progression of CKD.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  An assessment of the current medical management of thoracic aortic disease: A patient-centered scoping literature review. (Pubmed Central) -  May 9, 2022   
    Combination β- and renin-aldosterone-angiotensin blockade, statins, metformin, antioxidants, and vitamins have been evaluated as therapeutics in both thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms, as well as the effects of various antibiotics (ie, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines) and benefits of lifestyle modifications (eg, diet and exercise) and enhanced patient-centered care and treatment adherence...Several key ongoing clinical trials, case studies, and in vivo/in vitro studies are also mentioned. Furthermore, we discuss current gaps in the literature and the abundance of clinical evidence for some interventions in abdominal aneurysms with few thoracic correlates, thus indicating a need for investigation of these subjects in the latter.
  • ||||||||||  Suglat (ipragliflozin) / EMD Serono, Kotobuki, Astellas
    Preclinical, Journal, Combination therapy:  Cardiorenal protective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in combination with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade in salt-sensitive Dahl rats. (Pubmed Central) -  May 6, 2022   
    Furthermore, we discuss current gaps in the literature and the abundance of clinical evidence for some interventions in abdominal aneurysms with few thoracic correlates, thus indicating a need for investigation of these subjects in the latter. Inhibition of SGLT2 in combination with an angiotensin II receptor blocker effectively improved BP salt sensitivity by reducing renal expression levels of sodium transporters including NHE3 and NKCC2, which eventually led to improvement of BP salt sensitivity and cardiorenal protection.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Management of hypertension associated with cardiovascular failure. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 20, 2022   
    It is still unclear how cardioprotective medications are used in patients with HFrEF, especially on certain age groups. The optimal initiation and continuation of cardioprotective medications should be carefully determined.