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  • ||||||||||  carvedilol / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Sequential delivery for hepatic fibrosis treatment based on carvedilol loaded star-like nanozyme. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 23, 2022   
    Meanwhile, Au NS exhibited enhanced ROS scavenging efficiency of hydrogen peroxides and superoxide, which was helpful to restrain the activity of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors β (PPARβ) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), thereby reducing HSCs proliferation to enhance HSCs inactivation efficacy. In conclusion, Au NS@CAR-HA can attenuate hepatic fibrosis via regulating the proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells, which provides a new strategy for hepatic fibrosis treatment.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Autophagy: A Promising Target for Triple Negative Breast Cancers. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 23, 2022   
    The critical role of autophagy in TNBC progression is emerging in recent years. This review will discuss autophagic pathway, how autophagy affects TNBC progression and recent therapeutic approaches that can target autophagy as a new treatment modality.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Restriction of extracellular lipids renders pancreatic cancer dependent on autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 23, 2022   
    Therefore, the fabricating of synergetic dual-regulatory nanogels uncovered the explicit mechanism and provided an efficient strategy for combating malignant metastatic tumors. Our work unravels a central role of extracellular lipid supply in ensuring fatty acid provision in cancer cells, unmasking a previously unappreciated metabolic vulnerability of PDAC cells.
  • ||||||||||  cisplatin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Interferon regulatory factor-1 regulates cisplatin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in A549 lung cancer cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 23, 2022   
    IRF-1 overexpression promoted mitochondrial depolarization, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death and inhibited autophagy in A549 cells, and these effects could be reversed by IRF-1 knockdown. These data suggest that IRF-1 regulates apoptosis, autophagy and oxidative stress, which might be served as a potential target for increasing chemotherapy sensitivity of lung cancer.
  • ||||||||||  Clinical, Journal:  Is the commonly used UV filter benzophenone-3 a risk factor for the nervous system? (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 19, 2022   
    Benzophenone-3 also alters expression and impairs function of receptors necessary for the proper development and function of the nervous system. The most worrying finding seems to be that benzophenone-3 contributes to an increased risk of developmental abnormalities and/or epigenetically based degeneration of neuronal cells by changing the epigenetic status of neuronal cells.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Tumor-targeted biomimetic nanoplatform precisely integrates photodynamic therapy and autophagy inhibition for collaborative treatment of oral cancer. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 18, 2022   
    The metal-organic framework material PCN-224 was used as a carrier to load the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) and it was coated onto the surface with isolated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell membranes...After being activated with a 660 nm laser, the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered the apoptosis pathway, as assessed by mitochondrial damage, and the released CQ further aggravated the ROS lethal pathway by effectively inhibiting the protective autophagic flux. Therefore, PCN-CQ@CCM achieves the precise synergy of PDT and autophagy inhibition through the biomimetic homologous targeting method, and the highly effective tumor suppression effect expands the field of vision for the noninvasive diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer.
  • ||||||||||  paclitaxel / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  USP18 reduces paclitaxol sensitivity of triple-negative breast cancer via autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 18, 2022   
    In this study, differential expressed genes (DEGs) between TNBC cells and paclitaxol-resistant (taxol-R) TNBC cells were screened by bioinformatics analysis...The autophagy inhibitor leupeptin could effectively reverse the effect of USP18 on paclitaxol resistance phenotype. These findings suggested that USP18 may be a promising target for overcoming paclitaxol resistance in TNBC.
  • ||||||||||  ABT-737 / AbbVie
    Journal, IO biomarker:  Bisphenol A impairs macrophages through inhibiting autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway and inducing apoptosis. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 18, 2022   
    Cells were pretreated with 10 mg/L LPS, or added autophagy activator RAPA, autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737, then treated with BPA (0, 10, 100 and 200 μmol/L) for 12 h...Both Bcl-2 and ATG6 were involved in the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy by BPA. These findings provide a broader perspective for understanding the interaction between autophagy and apoptosis in BPA-induced immune cell injury.
  • ||||||||||  lenvatinib / Generic mfg.
    Role of autophagy-mediated neuropilin-1 degradation on lenvatinib efficacy in human hepatocarcinoma (Poster Area) -  Mar 16, 2022 - Abstract #EASLILC2022EASL_ILC_1166;    
    We showed that the activation of PERK signaling upon hypoxia serves as a vital mechanism to induce autophagy and identified the therapeutic value of PERK signaling agonist for IVD degeneration treatment. Autophagy-dependent NRP1 degradation seems to play a key role in lenvatinib efficacy in HCC, highlighting the potential interest of NRP1 silencing as a novel strategy to prevent therapeutic failure in advanced HCC.
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal:  Sequestsome-1/p62-targeted small molecules for pancreatic cancer therapy. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 16, 2022   
    Modest improvements in clinical outcomes have been demonstrated in completed clinical trials targeting autophagy with combination hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chemotherapy...SQSTM1 overexpression is frequently observed in PDAC, correlating with clinical stage and outcome. Given the unique molecular structure of SQSTM-1 and its diverse activity, identifying means of limiting SQSTM-1-dependent autophagy to promote an effective immune response in PDAC could be a promising treatment strategy.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  ESAT-6 impedes IL-18 mediated phagosome lysosome fusion via microRNA-30a upon Calcimycin treatment in mycobacteria infected macrophages. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 16, 2022   
    By using either IL-18 neutralizing antibody or inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/NF-κB/phagosome-lysosome fusion in the miRNA-30a transfected background, IL-18 mediated signaling and intracellular killing of mycobacteria was reversed in the presence of ESAT-6. Overall, the results of this study conclusively prove the contrary roles of miR-30a-3p and miR-30a-5p in regulating IL-18 signaling by ESAT-6 in dTHP-1 cells upon Calcimycin treatment that affected phagosome-lysosome fusion and intracellular survival of mycobacteria.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Large-leaf yellow tea attenuates high glucose-induced vascular endothelial cell injury by up-regulating autophagy and down-regulating oxidative stress. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 16, 2022   
    In vivo studies showed that HLYTBE improved the impaired pyruvate tolerance, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance; reduced the concentrations of blood glucose, glycated serum protein, lipids, and 8-isomeric prostaglandin 2α; increased the anti-oxidase activity in serum; and alleviated pathological damage in the thoracic aorta of diabetic mice induced by high sucrose-high fat diet along with streptozotocin. The results suggest that HLYTBE protects the vascular endothelium by up-regulating autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway and inhibiting oxidative stress.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal, PARP Biomarker, IO biomarker:  Apoptosis triggered by cytolethal distending toxin B subunit of Helicobacter hepaticus is aggravated by autophagy inhibition in mouse hepatocytes. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 16, 2022   
    To assess the correlation between autophagy and apoptosis induced by H.hepaticus, chloroquine (CQ, 50 μM) was employed to inhibit autophagy...Altogether, all these results suggest that CdtB triggers apoptosis via MAPK/Erk/p38 signaling pathway in caspase dependent manner, which was prevented by autophagy in AML12 cells. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the virulence potential of CdtB on the molecular pathogenesis throughout H.hepaticus infection.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal, PARP Biomarker:  Different Cell Responses to Hinokitiol Treatment Result in Senescence or Apoptosis in Human Osteosarcoma Cell Lines. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 16, 2022   
    As the autophagy was suppressed through the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, hinokitiol-induced senescence in U-2 OS cells was significantly enhanced accompanying more abundant p53 expression...Our data revealed that hinokitiol treatment could result in different cell responses, senescence or apoptosis in osteosarcoma cell lines, and suppression of autophagy could promote these effects. We hypothesize that the analysis of p53 status and co-administration of autophagy inhibitors might provide more precise and efficacious therapies in hinokitiol-related trials for treating osteosarcoma.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  Mig-6 Inhibits Autophagy in HCC Cell Lines by Modulating miR-193a-3p. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 16, 2022   
    Additionally, the relationship between Mig-6 and transforming growth factor TGF-β2 was explored in depth for the first time. These findings revealed an important role of Mig-6 in the apoptosis and autophagy of HCC cells by regulating miR-193a-3p, providing a novel insight into the therapeutic target in HCC.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Inhibiting autophagy flux and DNA repair of tumor cells to boost radiotherapy of orthotopic glioblastoma. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 15, 2022   
    The simultaneous inhibition of protective autophagy and DNA repair significantly suppress the growth of orthotopic GBM by using radiotherapy and our novel Au@CuSe NPs. Our work provides a new insight and paradigm to significantly improve the efficacy of radiotherapy by rationally designing theranostic nano-agents to simultaneously inhibit protective autophagy and DNA repair of tumor cells.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  Role of Autophagy in Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Apoptosis of Mouse Ovarian Granulosa Cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 15, 2022   
    Interestingly, the inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA could reserve the inhibition of cell viability and the induction of apoptosis by LPC. In conclusion, oxidative stress was involved in LPC-induced apoptosis, whileautophagy of mouse ovarian granulosa cells and the inhibition of autophagy could alleviate LPC-induced apoptosis.