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  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Grass Carp Reovirus triggers autophagy enhancing virus replication via the Akt/mTOR pathway. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 20, 2022   
    Furthermore, we found that GCRV infection activated Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, and the conversion of LC3B I to LC3B II was increased by inhibiting mTOR with rapamycin (Rap) but decreased by activating Akt with insulin...Collectively, these results indicated that GCRV infection induced autophagy involved in GCRV replication via the Akt-mTOR signal pathway. Thus, new insights into GCRV pathogenesis and antiviral treatment strategies are provided.
  • ||||||||||  enzalutamide capsule / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  TP53 loss-of-function causes vulnerability to autophagy inhibition in aggressive prostate cancer. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 20, 2022   
    Downregulation of fibulin-4 enhances the sensitivity of ESCC cells to apatinib by inhibiting cellular protective autophagy through activating the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Our results support the potential use of autophagy inhibitors in prostate cancers that contain TP53 loss-of-function mutations.
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Autophagy-dependent Na-K-ATPase signalling and abnormal urate reabsorption in hyperuricaemia-induced renal tubular injury. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 20, 2022   
    The autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) ameliorated NKA impairment-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)-interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production, and abnormal urate reabsorption in PTECs stimulated with high UA and in rats with oxonic acid (OA)-induced HUA. Our findings suggest that autophagy plays a pivotal role in NKA impairment-mediated signalling and abnormal urate reabsorption in HUA-induced renal tubular injury and that inhibition of autophagy by HCQ could be a promising treatment for HUA.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Cytoskeletal vimentin regulates cell size and autophagy through mTORC1 signaling. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 20, 2022   
    The nutrient-activated mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1) signaling pathway determines cell size by controlling mRNA translation, ribosome biogenesis, protein synthesis, and autophagy...We also show that vimentin inhibits the autophagic flux in the absence of growth factors and/or critical nutrients, demonstrating growth factor-independent inhibition of autophagy at the level of mTORC1. Our findings establish that vimentin couples cell size and autophagy through modulating Rag GTPase activity of the mTORC1 signaling pathway.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal, IO biomarker:  Polyphyllin II induced apoptosis of NSCLC cells by inhibiting autophagy through the mTOR pathway. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 20, 2022   
    Therefore, our results indicated that PPII-induced autophagy may be a mechanism to promote cell survival, although it can also induce apoptosis. PPII-induced apoptosis exerts its anticancer activity by inhibiting autophagy, which will hopefully provide a prospective compound for NSCLC treatment.
  • ||||||||||  metformin / Generic mfg., sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal:  Targeting autophagy in aortic aneurysm and dissection. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 18, 2022   
    In addition, we discuss the recent research progress on AAD from the perspective of single-cell RNA sequencing. Moreover, we offer our perspective on current challenges and barriers in this research field.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  The Degradation of TMEM166 by Autophagy Promotes AMPK Activation to Protect SH-SY5Y Cells Exposed to MPP. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 18, 2022   
    Collectively, these findings suggest that TMEM166 can translocate from ER to mitochondria and inhibit AMPK activation and, in response to mitochondrial oxidative stress, neuronal cells choose to up-regulate TMEM166 to promote autophagy/mitophagy; then, the enhancing autophagy/mitophagy degrades the TMEM166 to activate AMPK, by the two means to maintain cell survival. The continuous synthesis and degradation of TMEM166 in autophagy/mitochondria flux suggest that TMEM166 may act as an autophagy/mitochondria adaptor.
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
    Autophagy Inhibition Attenuate the Development and Progression of Pulmonary Hypertension (Virtual Only) -  Sep 18, 2022 - Abstract #AHA2022AHA_7158;    
    Specifically, ROC-325 treatment prevents the development of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH, right ventricular dysfunction, and pulmonary vascular remodeling, and reverses the progression of established MCT-PH. Meanwhile, ROC-325 treatment attenuates high K+ or alveolar hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction.
  • ||||||||||  Autophagy-related Risk Loci in Systemic Lupus Erythematous and Sjögren’s Disease (Virtual Poster Hall) -  Sep 17, 2022 - Abstract #ACRConvergence2022ACR_CONVERGENCE_3468;    
    ATG5, ATG16L1 are critical regulators of autophagosome formation, and ATG16L2 plays a role as a negative regulator of autophagy in myeloid and neutrophil cell lines. Further, non-protein-coding GWS SNPs carried on the PRDM1-ATG5 risk locus may dysregulate autophagy in SLE and SjD by modulating ATG5 expression through chromatin-chromatin interactions with the ATG5 promoter
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
    JAK Inhibitors Counteract Cellular Toxicity of Hydroxychloroquine in Vitro (Virtual Poster Hall) -  Sep 17, 2022 - Abstract #ACRConvergence2022ACR_CONVERGENCE_2362;    
    JAK inhibitors might reduce the incidence of retinopathy and that of nephropathy in patients treated with HCQ.Figure 1 Luminescence-based cell viability plate assay. (A) human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), (B) mouse podocytes (AI), (C) human podocytes (BLAK).
  • ||||||||||  donepezil / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Vitis vinifera L. Flavones Regulate Hippocampal Neurons via Autophagy in APP/PS1 Alzheimer Model Mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 14, 2022   
    APP/PS1 AD mice were used as the research subjects, and the mice were divided into a model group, donepezil group, VTF low-dose group, VTF medium-dose group, and VTF high-dose group...VTF can exert a positive regulatory effect on AD mice by inhibiting autophagy. Our study supports that intragastrically administration of VTF is effective and operable in Alzheimer's disease mice, and that inhibition of excessive autophagy may be one of the potential reasons why VTF exerts a therapeutic effect on AD.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Autophagy regulated by the HIF/REDD1/mTORC1 signaling is progressively increased during erythroid differentiation under hypoxia. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 14, 2022   
    Moreover, we provide evidence that the HIF-1 target gene REDD1 is upregulated to suppress mTORC1 signaling and enhance autophagy, thereby promoting erythroid differentiation under hypoxia. Together, our study identifies that the enhanced autophagy by hypoxia favors erythroid maturation and elucidates a new regulatory pattern whereby autophagy is progressively increased during erythroid differentiation, which is driven by the HIF-1/REDD1/mTORC1 signaling in a hypoxic niche.
  • ||||||||||  SP600125 / BMS
    Journal:  Combination of Melatonin and Small Molecules Improved Reprogramming Neural Cell Fates via Autophagy Activation. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 14, 2022   
    Melatonin also increased the expression of different neural-specific proteins such as doublecortin (DCX), Sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) compared with other five small molecules (valproic acid (VPA), CHIR99021, Forskolin, 1,9 pyrazoloanthrone (SP600125), and Y-27632) combination in the presence and absence of melatonin...In addition, the expression of NeuN was also significantly reduced by L-leucine. Collectively, our findings revealed an activation of autophagy during neural induction; melatonin enhanced reprogramming efficiency for neuron induction through the modulation of autophagy activation.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Dysregulated miRNAs in Progression and Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 14, 2022   
    A systemized inclusion/exclusion criterion has been utilized based on selected keywords followed by screening of those articles to conclude a list of 8 highly dysregulated miRNAs based on the fold change of AD vs control patients, which could be used in clinical testing as these miRNAs play central role in the pathophysiology of AD. Furthermore, a network study of highly dysregulated miRNA estimated the association of these miRNA in the mediation of Aβ generation and aggregation, inhibition of autophagy, reduction of Aβ clearance, microglial and astrocytic activation, neuro-inflammation, tau hyper-phosphorylation, and synaptic loss.
  • ||||||||||  ZSTK474 / Zenyaku Kogyo
    Journal:  Tong-Qiao-Huo-Xue decoction activates PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to reduce BMECs autophagy after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 14, 2022   
    Furthermore, a network study of highly dysregulated miRNA estimated the association of these miRNA in the mediation of Aβ generation and aggregation, inhibition of autophagy, reduction of Aβ clearance, microglial and astrocytic activation, neuro-inflammation, tau hyper-phosphorylation, and synaptic loss. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TQHXD protects against ischemic insult by inhibiting autophagy through the regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and that TQHXD may have therapeutic value for protecting BMECs from cerebral ischemia.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Effect of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine on syncytial differentiation and autophagy in primary human trophoblasts. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 14, 2022   
    Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis we identified that HCQ might affect JAK2 signaling in the syncytial differentiation of PHT. In conclusion, chloroquine compounds could mitigate biochemical and morphological syncytial trophoblast differentiation in cultured PHT cells through the JAK signaling pathway rather than the inhibition of autophagic activity.
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg., docetaxel / Generic mfg., gemcitabine / Generic mfg.
    Enrollment open, Trial completion date, Trial primary completion date, Combination therapy:  Gemcitabine, Docetaxel, and Hydroxychloroquine in Treating Participants With Recurrent or Refractory Osteosarcoma (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Sep 14, 2022   
    P1/2,  N=31, Recruiting, 
    In conclusion, chloroquine compounds could mitigate biochemical and morphological syncytial trophoblast differentiation in cultured PHT cells through the JAK signaling pathway rather than the inhibition of autophagic activity. Unknown status --> Recruiting | Trial completion date: Mar 2022 --> Sep 2024 | Trial primary completion date: Mar 2022 --> Sep 2024
  • ||||||||||  urocortin II (NBI-69734) / Renova Therapeutics
    Preclinical, Journal, IO biomarker:  Molecular mechanism and effects of urocortin II on rat adventitial fibroblast calcification induced by calcified medium. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 12, 2022   
    The present study aimed to assess the role of urocortin II (UII) in the process of vascular calcification in vitro by using a calcification model, and to detect the changes in the mRNA and protein levels of associated markers in rat adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) during their phenotypic transformation to osteoblast cells，and clarify the main signal transduction pathway of UII responsible for regulating vascular calcification and AF phenotypic transformation of osteoblast cells and prove that UII was an endogenous factor promoting vascular calcification, so as to provide an effective experimental basis for the clinical regulation of related diseases caused by vascular calcification. Finally we successfully constructed the calcified cell model, found that UII was an endogenous substance regulating vascular calcification, regulated the vascular calcification by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting autophagy through up- and down-regulated Bax and Bcl-2/Beclin-1 level, and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was involved.
  • ||||||||||  dimethylamino micheliolide (ACT001) / Tianjin Suntech Pharma
    Journal:  ACT001 inhibits pituitary tumor growth by inducing autophagic cell death via MEK4/MAPK pathway. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2022   
    Specifically, ACT001 treatment promoted the phosphorylation of JNK and P38 by binding to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MEK4). Our study indicated that ACT001-induced ACD of pituitary tumor cells via activating JNK and P38 phosphorylation by binding with MEK4, and it might be a novel and effective anticancer drug for pituitary adenomas.
  • ||||||||||  trifluoperazine / Generic mfg., chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Regulation of basal autophagy by calmodulin availability. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2022   
    These reagents promote the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) but not that of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)...Enhanced CaM buffering using a chimeric protein that contains two high-affinity CaM-binding sites that can collectively bind CaM at a large range of Ca further increases lysosomal pH and increases LC3-II accumulation and AMPK activity, but not that of mTOR. These data demonstrate that CaM availability is required for basal autophagy.
  • ||||||||||  apilimod (STA-5326) / Madrigal Pharma
    Journal:  Inhibition of lipid kinase PIKfyve reveals a role for phosphatase Inpp4b in the regulation of PI(3)P-mediated lysosome dynamics through VPS34 activity. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2022   
    Finally, HPLC scintillation quantification of H-myo-inositol labelled phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide immunofluorescence staining, we observed that lysosomal PtdIns(3)P levels were significantly elevated in Inpp4b-deficient cells due to the hyperactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit VPS34 enzymatic activity. In conclusion, our study identifies a novel signaling axis that maintains normal lysosomal homeostasis and dynamics, which includes the catalytic functions of Inpp4b, PIKfyve, and VPS34.