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  • ||||||||||  Journal:  The relationship between autophagy and apoptosis during pseudorabies virus infection. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 7, 2023   
    Our studies provide possible molecular mechanisms for the cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy induced by PRV infection in porcine cells. This suggests that these two cell death processes should be considered as the same continuum rather than as completely separate processes.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Alpha-lipoic acid inhibits sodium arsenite-mediated autophagic death of rat insulinoma cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 4, 2023   
    These findings suggest a valid and highly conserved candidate target for the development of novel therapies and more effective vaccines and demonstrate the complex cross talk between selective autophagy and PRRSV infection. The data indicated that α-LA might inhibit the NaAsO-induced autophagic death of INS-1 cells by regulating the PI3K/mTOR pathway.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Deoxyarbutin attenuates severe acute pancreatitis via the HtrA2/PGC-1α pathway. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 3, 2023   
    Our study in vivo confirmed that dA effectively alleviated severity of SAP by reducing pancreatic edema, plasma amylase, and lipase levels and improved the HtrA2/PGC-1α pathway. Therefore, this is the first study to identify that dA inhibits pancreatic injury caused by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired autophagy in a HtrA2/PGC-1α dependent manner.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Inner mitochondrial membrane protein Prohibitin 1 mediates Nix-induced, Parkin-independent mitophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 3, 2023   
    We demonstrate that Prohibitin 1 induces mitophagy in response to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) through binding to mitophagy receptor Nix/Bnip3L and independently of Parkin. Prohibitin 1 is required for ROS-induced Nix localization to mitochondria and maintaining homeostasis of epithelial cells highly susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  The regulation of cell homeostasis and antiviral innate immunity by autophagy during classical swine fever virus infection. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 31, 2022   
    We also found that silencing HK2 (hexokinase 2), the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolytic metabolism, could induce autophagy but reduce the interferon signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and inhibition of apoptosis induced by CSFV infection. In addition, inhibited cellular autophagy by silencing ATG5 or using 3-Methyladenine, could backfill the inhibitory effect of silencing HK2 on the cellular interferon signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and apoptosis.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Zunyimycin C enhances immunity and improves cognitive impairment and its mechanism. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 30, 2022   
    Zunyimycin C may inhibit autophagy by activating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, promote cell survival, mediate neuroprotective effects of reactive microglia and reactive astrocytes, and reduce IL-1β in brain tissue and IL-6 secretion, thereby attenuating neuroinflammation in AD mice and achieving the effect of improving learning and memory impairment. Zunyimycin C may play a role in immunological enhancement by changing intestinal flora diversity and SCFAs.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Enhancing Anti-Cancer Therapy with Selective Autophagy Inhibitors by Targeting Protective Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 30, 2022   
    We will also summarize combination therapies of autophagy inhibitors with chemotherapies and their outcomes in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Understanding of current knowledge of development, progress, and application of cytoprotective autophagy inhibitors in combination therapies will open new possibilities for overcoming drug resistance and improving clinical outcomes.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal:  How ginseng regulates autophagy: Insights from multistep process. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 30, 2022   
    Moreover, autophagy and apoptosis are controlled by multiple common upstream signals, cross-regulate each other and affect certain diseases, especially cancers. Therefore, this review also discusses the cross-signal transduction pathways underlying the molecular mechanisms and interaction between ginseng-regulated autophagy and apoptosis.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Autophagy induction sensitizes cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 29, 2022   
    In a recent paper, we established a 37-gene autophagy signature to estimate the autophagy status of approximately 10,000 tumor samples across 33 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas, and muti-omics characterization reveals that autophagy induction may also sensitize cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs. These findings provide a comprehensive resource of molecular alterations associated with autophagy and highlight the potential to utilize drug sensitivity induced by autophagy to overcome the resistance of cancer therapy.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  bta-miR-2904 inhibits bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by targeting viral-infection-induced autophagy via ATG13. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 29, 2022   
    In this study, we used electron microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, dual-luciferase reporter analysis, real-time PCR, and Western blot assays to investigate the effect of the miR-2904 expression on BVDV NADL replication and virus-infection-induced autophagy. The results indicate that miR-2904 inhibits autophagy of MDBK cells by targeting autophagy-related gene 13 (ATG13), and overexpression of miR-2904 inhibited the replication of BVDV NADL.
  • ||||||||||  Zykadia (ceritinib) / Novartis
    Journal:  FAT4 activation inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by promoting autophagy in H2228/Cer cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 29, 2022   
    Furthermore, we found the regulatory action of FAT4 on autophagy was related to proteasome 26S subunit ubiquitin receptor and non-ATPase 4 (PSMD4) and proteasome 20S subunit beta 4 (PSMB4), and the inhibitory effect of autophagy on EMT might be related to ROS/NF-κB/IκB-α and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. In conclusion, FAT4 activation can inhibit the process of EMT in H2228/Cer cells by promoting autophagy, which provides a potential target for ceritinib-resistant ALK positive NSCLC therapy.
  • ||||||||||  5-fluorouracil / Generic mfg., chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., gemcitabine / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  TYRO3 promotes chemoresistance via increased LC3 expression in pancreatic cancer. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 29, 2022   
    TYRO3 knockdown decreased cell viability and enhanced apoptosis following treatment of PC cells with gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)...Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine mitigated cell resistance to gemcitabine and 5-FU...Furthermore, LC3- and TYRO3-positive patients had a significantly worse prognosis among patients with PC who received chemotherapy after recurrence. These results indicated that the TYRO3-autophagy signaling pathway confers PC resistance to gemcitabine and 5-FU, and could be a novel therapeutic target to resolve PC chemoresistance.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Apelin-13 prevents the effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion on bEnd.3 cells by inhibiting AKT-mTOR signaling. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 28, 2022   
    These results indicated that bEnd.3 upregulates autophagy to ameliorate the effects of OGD/R injury on viability and TJs, but that the autophagy induced by OGD/R alone is not sufficient to protect against the effect on cell migration. Treatment of OGD/R samples with apelin-13 markedly increased viability, TJ abundance, and migration, as well as autophagic activity, whereas 3-MA inhibited this increase, suggesting that apelin-13 exerted its protective effects by upregulating autophagy.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  NF-κB1 p50 stabilizes HIF-1α protein through suppression of ATG7-dependent autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 28, 2022   
    We further discovered that p50-mediated miR-494 upregulation gave rise to the inhibition of p50-mediated NCL translation by interacting with its 3'-UTR. These novel findings provide a great insight into the understanding of biomedical significance of p50 protein in arsenite-associated disease development and therapy.
  • ||||||||||  erastin - Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Dana / Farber Cancer Institute, Columbia University, Prolexys
    Journal:  Inhibition of autophagy rescues HT22 hippocampal neurons from erastin-induced ferroptosis. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 27, 2022   
    In addition, we demonstrated that not only the ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin1/deferoxamine abrogated the ferroptotic cell death induced by erastin in hippocampal HT22 neurons, but also the potent autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenin. We conclude that (1) erastin-induced ferroptosis in hippocampal HT22 neurons, despite reduced nuclear receptor coactivator 4 levels, (2) that either nuclear receptor coactivator 4-mediated ferritinophagy does not occur or is of secondary importance in this model, (3) that ferroptosis seems to share some features of the autophagic cell death process.
  • ||||||||||  doxorubicin hydrochloride / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Doxorubicin induces cardiomyocyte death owing to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria by inhibiting the autophagy fusion process. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 26, 2022   
    Our results showed that Dox did not impair the initiation of autophagic flux or the functions of lysosomes; however, Dox affected the mitochondrial quality control system, leading to a fission-dominant morphology and impaired regulation of mitochondrial respiration, thereby increasing oxidative stress and inhibited progression of autophagy, particularly the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. This inhibition caused a significant decrease in the formation of autolysosomes and was responsible for the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and subsequent increase in oxidative stress, eventually leading to increased myocardial cell death.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Diesel exhaust PM2.5 greatly deteriorates fibrosis process in pre-existing pulmonary fibrosis via ferroptosis. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 25, 2022   
    As evidenced by the inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine or AMPK inhibitor, NCOA4 knockdown decreased intracellular iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, thereby relieving PM2.5-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell death in fibrotic cells. Overall, this study provided experimental support for the idea that PM2.5 greatly deteriorates fibrosis process in pre-existing pulmonary fibrosis, and HO-1-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy are jointly required for the PM2.5-induced ferroptosis and enhanced fibrosis effects.
  • ||||||||||  5-fluorouracil / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Prunus spinosa Extract Sensitized HCT116 Spheroids to 5-Fluorouracil Toxicity, Inhibiting Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 24, 2022   
    By means of cytotoxic evaluation (MTT assay), cytofluorimetric analysis, light and fluorescence microscopy investigation and Western blotting evaluation of the molecular pathway PI3/AKT/mTOR, Caspase-9, Caspase-3, Beclin1, p62 and LC3, we demonstrated that the combination PsT + NAC and 5-FU significantly reduces autophagy by increasing the apoptotic phenomenon. These results demonstrate the importance of using non-toxic natural compounds to improve the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the side effects induced by conventional drugs in human colon cancer.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Toosendanin Induces Hepatocyte Damage by Inhibiting Autophagic Flux via TFEB-Mediated Lysosomal Dysfunction. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 24, 2022   
    TSN inhibited the expression of transcription factor EB (TFEB), which is a key transcription factor for many genes of autophagy and lysosomes, such as CTSB, and overexpression of TFEB alleviated the autophagic flux blockade caused by TSN. In summary, TSN caused hepatotoxicity by inhibiting TFEB-lysosome-mediated autophagic flux and activating autophagy by rapamycin (Rapa), which could effectively alleviate TSN-induced hepatotoxicity, indicating that targeting autophagy is a new strategy to intervene in the hepatotoxicity of TSN.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Autophagy-Related ncRNAs in Pancreatic Cancer. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 24, 2022   
    Furthermore, ncRNAs have been reported as crucial regulators of many biological processes, including autophagy, suggesting that ncRNA-based autophagy targeting methods could be promising novel molecular approaches for specifically reducing autophagic flux, thus improving the management of PC patients. In this review, we briefly summarize the existing studies regarding the role and the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy-related ncRNAs in the context of this cancer.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  TM9SF1 knockdown decreases inflammation by enhancing autophagy in a mouse model of acute lung injury. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 24, 2022   
    The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA could counteract the beneficial effects of Tm9sf1 knockout on ALI. Therefore, we discover for the first time the role and mechanism of TM9SF1 in LPS-induced ALI and establish a relationship between TM9SF1 regulated autophagy and ALI progression, which may provide novel targets for the treatment of ALI.
  • ||||||||||  metformin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Changes in AMPK activity induces cellular senescence in human dental follicle cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 24, 2022   
    However, inducers of AMPK such as metformin or AICAR surprisingly increased senescence in DFCs...Both changes are highly associated with the induction of cellular senescence. Hence, both AMPK activation and inhibition promote the induction of cellular senecence of DFCs.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Melatonin Protects against Primary Ovarian Insufficiency by Activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway and Inhibiting Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 24, 2022   
    These findings highlight oxygen can significantly enhance the anti-HCC effect of selenium compounds through regulating the Nrf2 and MAPK signaling pathways, thus providing novel therapeutic strategy for the hypoxic tumors and pave the way for the application of selenium in clinical treatment. Collectively, our results demonstrate that MT can inhibit excessive autophagy in ovarian granulosa cells by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, thereby exerting its protective effect against POI.
  • ||||||||||  Journal, IO biomarker:  BAG3 promotes autophagy and suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Parkinson's disease. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 23, 2022   
    The LPS-induced inflammatory environment inhibits autophagy, and overexpression of BAG3 can restore autophagy, which may be the mechanism by which BAG3 reduces neuronal inflammation in PD. Our results demonstrate BAG3 promotes autophagy and suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome formation in PD.