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  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Conjugation of Macrophage-Mimetic Microalgae and Liposome for Antitumor Sonodynamic Immunotherapy via Hypoxia Alleviation and Autophagy Inhibition. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 2, 2023   
    To address these issues, herein we developed surface-engineered chlorella (Chl, a green algae) as a targeted drug carrier and sustainable oxygen supplier (via photosynthesis) for significantly improved SDT via hypoxia alleviation as well as autophagy inhibition of chloroquine phosphate...The synergistic therapy achieved via local oxygenation, SDT, and autophagy inhibition maximally improved the therapeutic efficacy of MChl-CQ-HP-NP against melanoma. Tumor rechallenging results revealed that the changes of tumor microenvironment including hypoxia alleviation, SDT induced immunogenic cell death, and autophagy inhibition collectively induced a strong antitumor immune response and memory.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Graphene oxide nanoarchitectures in cancer biology: Nano-modulators of autophagy and apoptosis. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 2, 2023   
    Molecular pathways, such as ATG, MAPK, JNK, and Akt, can be regulated by GO nanomaterials, leading to effects on autophagy and apoptosis. These topics are discussed in this review to shed some lights towards the biomedical potential of GO nanoparticles and their biocompatibility, paving the way for their future application in clinical trials.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Inhibiting Cardiac Autophagy Suppresses Zika Virus Replication. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 2, 2023   
    Furthermore, the number of viral copies was quantified to evaluate the influence of autophagy during infection. We found that autophagy was actively involved in the ZIKV infection and the inhibition of autophagy could effectively reduce the viral copies, suggesting a potential intervention strategy for reducing ZIKV infection and the undesired complications caused by ZIKV.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  MiR-141-3p promotes hypoxia-induced autophagy in human placental trophoblast cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 2, 2023   
    Overexpression of miR-141-3p improved autophagic activity, whereas low expression of miR-141-3p inhibited autophagic activity. Therefore, our data demonstrated that miR-141-3p promoted hypoxia-induced autophagy in placental trophoblast cells, which may be related to the development of preeclampsia.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Regulation of autophagy of the heart in ischemia and reperfusion. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 2, 2023   
    Activation of heme oxygenase-1 promotes cardiomyocyte tolerance to H/R and enhances autophagy. Hydrogen sulfide increases cardiac tolerance to I/R and inhibits apoptosis and autophagy via mTOR and PI3-kinase activation.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal, IO biomarker:  Protection of ?-Amino Butyric Acid on Radiation Induced Intestinal Injury in Mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 1, 2023   
    NS2-mediated regulation of the autophagy and ISGylation processes is a novel function of viral nonstructural proteins to control the host response against RSV. GABA reduces the oxidative stress of small intestine in RIII mice, and maintains the normal morphology and function of mitochondria, which mechanism is that high Bcl-2 expression inhibits the autophagy of mitochondrial pathway, thus reducing intestinal barrier damage.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Making bubbles: Targeting VPS41 induces vacuolization and methuosis. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 28, 2023   
    describe the natural product DMBP as the first tool compound for VPS41. Treatment with DMBP induced vacuolization and methuosis and inhibited autophagic flux in lung and pancreatic cancer cell lines, validating VPS41 as a potential therapeutic target.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., temozolomide / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Magnolol induces cytotoxic autophagy in glioma by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 27, 2023   
    Temozolomide is the only FDA-approved drug for its management...To confirm the cytotoxic effect of Magnolol-induced autophagy, we used Chloroquine, a late-stage autophagy inhibitor...Additionally, Magnolol showed no toxicity in non-cancerous cell lines as well as rat organs. Thus, we concluded that Magnolol is an excellent candidate for developing new therapeutic strategies for glioma management.
  • ||||||||||  selenomethionine (SLM) / University of Iowa, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center
    Journal:  L-selenomethionine affects liver development and glucolipid metabolism by inhibiting autophagy in zebrafish embryos. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 27, 2023   
    An autophagy inducer (rapamycin) alleviated selenium-induced liver injury and restored the expression of some genes related to liver development and glucolipid metabolism. In summary, our research evaluated liver developmental toxicity and metabolic disorders under selenium stress, and confirmed that autophagy and oxidative stress might involve in the selenium-induced hepatic defects.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Targeting VPS41 induces methuosis and inhibits autophagy in cancer cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 27, 2023   
    Moreover, DMBP effectively inhibited metastasis in a mouse metastatic melanoma model. Collectively, the current work revealed that targeting VPS41 would provide a valuable method of inhibiting cancer proliferation through methuosis.
  • ||||||||||  Xeljanz (tofacitinib) / Pfizer
    Journal:  Osteocalcin inhibits myocyte aging through promotion of starvation-induced autophagy via IL-6/STAT3 signaling. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 27, 2023   
    Fasted young mice were injected intraperitoneally with osteocalcin, with or without the JAK inhibitor CP-690550 to inhibit IL-6 signaling...In addition, osteocalcin treatment significantly increased muscle mass and grip strength in both aged mice and aged fasting mice. In conclusion, the inhibition of osteocalcin on muscle cell aging is accompanied by the induction of IL-6-STAT3-dependent autophagy, indicating osteocalcin might be a promising therapeutic candidate for aging-related myopathies.
  • ||||||||||  doxorubicin hydrochloride / Generic mfg., docetaxel / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal:  Cell proliferation, drug distribution and therapeutic effects in relation to the vascular system of solid tumours. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 27, 2023   
    Renewed and sometimes accelerated repopulation of surviving tumour cells can counter the effects of cell killing from repeated treatments, leading to tumour shrinkage and regrowth without changes in the intrinsic sensitivity of cells to the administered treatment. Strategies to prevent these effects include the combined use of chemotherapy with agents that selectively kill hypoxic tumour cells, including inhibitors of autophagy, since this is a process that may allow recycling of cellular macromolecules from dying cells and improve their survival.
  • ||||||||||  epirubicin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Autophagy-Targeted Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles Enable Transarterial Chemoembolization for Enhanced Cancer Therapy. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 27, 2023   
    Herein, pH-responsive poly(acrylic acid)/calcium phosphate nanoparticles (PAA/CaP NPs) were synthesized and used as the carrier of epirubicin (EPI) to enhance the efficacy of TACE therapy through autophagy inhibition...TACE with EPI-loaded PAA/CaP NPs dispersed in lipiodol shows an obvious enhanced therapeutic outcome compared to the treatment with EPI-lipiodol emulsion in an orthotopic rabbit liver cancer model. This study not only develops a new delivery system for TACE but also provides a promising strategy targeting autophagy inhibition to improve the therapeutic effect of TACE for the HCC treatment.
  • ||||||||||  temozolomide / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal, Combination therapy:  Is Autophagy Inhibition in Combination with Temozolomide a Therapeutically Viable Strategy? (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 26, 2023   
    Cytoprotective autophagy is a survival mechanism that confers upon tumor cells the ability to survive in a nutrient deficient environment as well as under external stresses, such as cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation, in part through the suppression of apoptotic cell death. In this review/commentary, we explore the available literature and provide an overview of the evidence for the promotion of protective autophagy in response to temozolomide, highlighting the possibility of targeting autophagy as an adjuvant therapy to potentially increase the effectiveness of temozolomide and to overcome the development of resistance.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Hederacolchiside A1 Suppresses Autophagy by Inhibiting Cathepsin C and Reduces the Growth of Colon Cancer. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 26, 2023   
    HA1 induced accumulation of the autophagy-related markers LC3B and SQSTM1, with distinct vacuolar formation, unlike other autophagy inhibitors; the effects were similar to those of chloroquine...It also reduced the expression of Ki-67 and cathepsin C in mouse tissues and reduced the growth of spheroids and organoids composed of cancer cells. Taken together, these results imply that HA1 regulates cell growth and autophagy and has potential as a promising therapeutic agent in colon cancer.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Chloroquine Inhibition of Autophagy Enhanced the Anticancer Effects of Listeria monocytogenes in Melanoma. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 25, 2023   
    Furthermore, the combination of LM and CQ significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival time of mice in vivo, which was associated with the increased colonization and accumulation of LM and induced more cell apoptosis in primary tumors. The data indicated that the inhibition of autophagy by CQ enhanced LM-mediated antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo and provided a novel strategy to improving the anticancer efficacy of bacterial treatment.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Dual targets of lethal apoptosis and protective autophagy in liver cancer with periplocymarin elicit a limited therapeutic effect. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 24, 2023   
    Activation of macroautophagy counteracted the pro?apoptotic effects of PPM, but when it was combined with an autophagy inhibitor, the anti?cancer effects of PPM in mice bearing HepG2 xenografts were observed. Collectively, these results indicated that a self?limiting effect impaired the pro?apoptotic effects of PPM in liver cancer, but when combined with an autophagy inhibitor, it may serve as a novel therapeutic option for the management of liver cancer.
  • ||||||||||  Journal, Heterogeneity:  Addressing Tumor Heterogeneity by Sensitizing Resistant Cancer Cells to T cell-secreted Cytokines. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 22, 2023   
    Antigens from apoptotic MHC-I deficient tumor cells were efficiently cross-presented by dendritic cells, resulting in heightened tumor infiltration by IFNa and TNFg-producing T cells. Tumors with a substantial population of MHC-I deficient cancer cells could be controlled by T cells when both pathways were targeted using genetic or pharmacological approaches.
  • ||||||||||  oxaliplatin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Annexin A1 induces oxaliplatin resistance of gastric cancer through autophagy by targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 14, 2023   
    Mechanically, we identified that PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was activated in the ANXA1 stable knockdown AGS/OXA cells, which leads to the suppression of autophagy. ANXA1 functions as a chemoresistant gene in GC cells by targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and might be a prognostic predictor for GC patients who receive OXA-based chemotherapy.
  • ||||||||||  Venclexta (venetoclax) / Roche, AbbVie
    Journal:  Targeting Unc51-like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1 (ULK1) overcomes adaptive drug resistance in acute myelogenous leukemia. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 14, 2023   
    Accordingly, we demonstrate that ULK1 inhibition, by genetic and pharmacological means, suppresses treatment-induced autophagy, overcomes adaptive drug-resistance, and synergizes with chemotherapy and emerging anti-leukemia agents like venetoclax (ABT-199)...Therefore, we propose ULK1 inhibition as a therapeutically relevant treatment option to overcome adaptive drug-resistance in AML. Implications: ULK1 drives a cell-intrinsic adaptive resistance in AML and targeting ULK1 mediated autophagy can synergize with existing and emerging AML therapies to overcome drug-resistance and induce apoptosis.
  • ||||||||||  Investigating the activity and mechanism of natural product derivatives against multiple cancer types (Hall F-H (Indiana Convention Center)) -  Feb 14, 2023 - Abstract #ACSSp2023ACS_SP_4732;    
    Autophagy has also been shown to promote tumorigenesis in lung, colon, breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers. This research investigates the activity of our isoprenylated compounds on non-pancreatic cancer cell lines for cytotoxic activity and confirms the results using molecular biology techniques to look at cell signaling pathways related to autophagy inhibition.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Traditional Chinese medicine in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 13, 2023   
    This research investigates the activity of our isoprenylated compounds on non-pancreatic cancer cell lines for cytotoxic activity and confirms the results using molecular biology techniques to look at cell signaling pathways related to autophagy inhibition. Clinical trials of different phases with adequate power and sound methodology will be warranted to evaluate the appropriate dosage, safety and efficacy of these compounds in the management of TAO.
  • ||||||||||  Zolinza (vorinostat) / Merck (MSD)
    Trial completion, Trial completion date, Combination therapy, Metastases:  Hydroxychloroquine + Vorinostat in Advanced Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Feb 13, 2023   
    P1,  N=72, Completed, 
    Clinical trials of different phases with adequate power and sound methodology will be warranted to evaluate the appropriate dosage, safety and efficacy of these compounds in the management of TAO. Active, not recruiting --> Completed | Trial completion date: Sep 2022 --> Jan 2023