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- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Sarmentosin Induces Autophagy-dependent Apoptosis via Activation of Nrf2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 6, 2023
Sarmentosin-induced autophagy was abolished by the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine, chloroquine, and bafilomycin A1...This study showed sarmentosin stimulated autophagic and caspase-dependent apoptosis in HCC, which required activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of mTOR. Our research supports Nrf2 as a therapeutic target for HCC and sarmentosin as a promising candidate for HCC chemotherapy.
- | selenomethionine (SLM) / University of Iowa, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center
Journal: Selenomethionine Inhibits NF-?B-mediated Inflammatory Responses of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae by Increasing Autophagic Flux. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 5, 2023
The inhibitory effect of Se-Met on NF-?B-mediated inflammation could be partially blocked by the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Overall, Se-Met attenuated K. pneumoniae-induced NF-?B-mediated inflammatory responses by enhancing autophagic flux.
- | Journal: KLF6 alleviates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 5, 2023
In conclusion, KLF6 inhibited the overactivation of autophagy via transcriptional regulation of Beclin1 and activation of the mTOR/ULK1 pathway, thereby protecting the liver from I/R injury. KLF6 is expected to serve as a biomarker for estimating the severity of I/R injury following liver transplantation.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Progranulin regulation of autophagy contributes to its chondroprotective effect in osteoarthritis. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 3, 2023
PGRN knockout chondrocytes exhibited a deficient autophagic response with limited induction following rapamycin, serum starvation, and IL-1?-induced autophagy...In brief, the PGRN-mediated regulation of chondrocyte autophagy plays a key role in the chondroprotective role of PGRN in OA. Such studies provide new insights into the pathogenesis of OA and PGRN-associated autophagy in chondrocyte homeostasis.
- || Review, Journal: Recent insights into autophagy and metals/nanoparticles exposure. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 3, 2023
Besides this, we summarized the potential significance of interactions between autophagy and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative damage in the regulation of cell survival response to metals/NPs. A critical view is given on the application of autophagy activators/inhibitors to modulate the systematic toxicity of various metals/MNPs.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Preclinical, Journal: Arctigenin mitigates vascular endothelial injury in rats with pregnancy-induced hypertension via autophagy-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway (Pubmed Central) - Jul 3, 2023
Fifty SD rats pregnant for 12 days were randomly assigned into a control group, a model group, an ARC group, a rapamycin(RAP, autophagy inducer) group, and an ARC+3-methyladenine(3-MA, autophagy inhibitor) group, with 10 rats in each group...Compared with ARC group, 3-MA reversed the effects of ARC on the above indicators. In conclusion, ARC can inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and mitigate vascular endothelial damage in PIH rats by inducing autophagy of vascular endothelial cells.
- Exosomal miR-3926 promotes apoptosis and autoreactivity of SLE CD4+ T cells through inhibiting autophagy by targeting ATG5/12/16L1 () - Jul 3, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_4290;
In conclusion, ARC can inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and mitigate vascular endothelial damage in PIH rats by inducing autophagy of vascular endothelial cells. The study revealed that exosomal miR-3926 promotes T cell apoptosis and autoreactivity through inhibiting autophagy by directly targeting ATG5/12/16L1 in SLE CD4+ T cells, providing potential novel strategies for therapeutic intervention in SLE.
- ight-emitting diode 585 nm photomodulation inhibiting melanin synthesis and inducing autophagy in human melanocytes () - Jul 3, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_4201;
Our finding demonstrated that LED photomodulation with 585 nm wavelength suppressed melanin content in HEMs, and the effect was caused by its dose-dependent inhibition on melanogenesis and the induction of HEMs autophagy. This may provide new insights into the efficacy of LED photomodulation in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Reversing Immune Evasion using a DNA Nano-orchestrator for Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 3, 2023
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A DNA nano-orchestrator was created by sequentially assembling chloroquine phosphate-laden ferritin nanocores with ROS-responsive CpG-DNA nanoframe. Through cascade inhibiting autophagy and boosting TLR9 stimulation, the nano-orchestrator efficiently reversed MHC I-associated immune evasion and augmented anti-tumor T cell stimulation, which ultimately activated tumoricidal immunity against pancreatic carcinoma.
- | Journal: MANF inhibits Sj (Pubmed Central) - Jul 2, 2023
In short, we found that MANF can activate autophagy, inhibit apoptosis and reduce the expression of Ro52/SSA by regulating the AKT/mTOR/LC3B signaling pathway. The above results suggest that MANF may be a protective factor against SS.
- | Journal: SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins Modulated Blood-Testis Barrier-Related Proteins through Autophagy in the Primary Sertoli Cells. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 2, 2023
Blockage of autophagy by specific inhibitors resulted in the suppression of BTB-related proteins by the SPs. Our results indicated that SARS-CoV-2 SPs (E, M, and S) regulate BTB-related proteins through autophagy.
- || Review, Journal: Different Roles of Apoptosis and Autophagy in the Development of Human Colorectal Cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 2, 2023
All the reported experimental results indicate that, while the antagonistic effects of autophagy and apoptosis occur in an adverse environment characterized by deprivation of oxygen and nutrients, leading to the formation and development of CRC, the effects of promotion and collaboration usually involve an auxiliary role of autophagy compared to apoptosis. In this review, we elucidate the different roles of autophagy and apoptosis in human CRC development.
- CILP2 deficiency ameliorates diabetes related myocardial injury by regulating inflammation and autophagy via AMPK pathway (Short Oral Event C) - Jul 2, 2023 - Abstract #EASD2023EASD_682;
CILP2 may be involved in the development of hyperglycemia-induced myocardial injury by regulating myocardial inflammation and autophagy via the AMPK pathway. This study could provide a novel potential insight in the treatment of diabetes-related cardiovascular complications.
- Beta cell autophagy in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis: real-time in vivo discoveries (London Hall) - Jul 2, 2023 - Abstract #EASD2023EASD_510;
cell autophagic flux before diabetes onset in a NOD mouse model. Future studies will determine both the mechanism and timing of the autophagic decline and its specific role in autoimmune diabetes pathogenesis.
- Insulin prevents palmitate-induced stress kinase activation, autophagy and apoptosis in human cardiac progenitor cells (Short Oral Event A) - Jul 2, 2023 - Abstract #EASD2023EASD_217;
Insulin prevents palmitate-induced apoptosis by inhibition of JNK signaling and autophagy in human CPC. Hence, preserving insulin signaling in human CPC might protect from lipotoxicity-induced metabolic alterations in the heart.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal, IO biomarker: Targeting Pro-Survival Autophagy Enhanced GSK-3? Inhibition-Induced Apoptosis and Retarded Proliferation in Bladder Cancer Cells. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 1, 2023
These results suggest that targeting autophagy potentiates GSK-3? inhibition-induced apoptosis and retarded proliferation in BC cells.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Hydrogen-rich water reduces cell damage by reducing excessive autophagy in mouse neuronal cells after oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (Pubmed Central) - Jul 1, 2023
inhibition-induced apoptosis and retarded proliferation in BC cells. Hydrogen-rich water has a significant protective effect on OGD/R-causing HT22 cell injury, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of autophagy.
- | Journal, IO biomarker: Tanshinone IIA inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and autophagy by regulating ABCE1 (Pubmed Central) - Jul 1, 2023
100 mg/L tanshinone IIA could inhibit autophagy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes by regulating the expression level of ABCE1. So, it protects H9C2 cardiomyocytes injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation.
- | LY294002 / Eli Lilly
Journal: Discussion on the Mechanism of Gandoufumu Decoction Attenuates Liver Damage of Wilson's Disease by Inhibiting Autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 30, 2023
Treatment with GDFMD activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, an effect that was able to be counteracted by LY294002, a PI3K antagonist or Rapa (rapamycin), an autophagy inducer. GDFMD imparted therapeutic effects on WD through autophagy suppression by acting through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
- | Journal: Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates abdominal aorta coarctation-induced myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting pyroptosis through regulating eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2? phosphorylation and activating PI3K/AKT1 pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 30, 2023
In conclusion, these findings suggest that exogenous HS can ameliorate MF in rats with AAC by inhibiting pyroptosis, and the mechanism may be associated with inhibiting the phosphorylation of eif2? and activating the PI3K/AKT1 signaling pathway to inhibit excessive cell autophagy.
- | MG132 / Jilin University, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
Journal: BAG3 Overexpression Attenuates Ischemic Stroke Injury by Activating Autophagy and Inhibiting Apoptosis. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 28, 2023
and activating the PI3K/AKT1 signaling pathway to inhibit excessive cell autophagy. Our findings indicate that BAG3 overexpression activates autophagy and inhibits apoptosis to prevent cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, suggesting a potential therapeutic benefit of BAG3 expression in cerebral ischemia.
- || Review, Journal: Virulence Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as Modulators of Cell Death Mechanisms. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 28, 2023
In summary, Mtb affects the microenvironment of cell death to avoid an effective immune response and facilitate its spread. A thorough study of these pathways would help identify therapeutic targets to prevent the survival of mycobacteria in the host.
- | selisistat (SEN-196) / AOP Orphan Pharma
Preclinical, Journal: Neuroprotective Effects of Oxymatrine via Triggering Autophagy and Inhibiting Apoptosis Following Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 28, 2023
Furthermore, combining OMT with the potent autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) could effectively abolish its promotion of autophagic flux. Taken together, these data revealed that OMT exerts a neuroprotective role in functional recovery against SCI in rats, and these effects are potentially associated with OMT-induced activation of autophagy via the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway.
- | Daliresp (roflumilast) / AstraZeneca, Takeda, AbbVie
Preclinical, Journal, IO biomarker: Roflumilast ameliorates ovariectomy-induced depressive-like behavior in rats via activation of AMPK/mTOR/ULK1-dependent autophagy pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 27, 2023
The present study revealed that roflumilast showed an anti-depressant activity in OVX female rats via turning on AMPK/mTOR/ULK1-dependent autophagy pathway; and neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. Roflumilast could offer a more secure alternative to hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal depression treatment.
- | Journal: Galangin mitigates glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis by activating autophagy of BMSCs via triggering the PKA/CREB signaling pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 27, 2023
GAL-mediated osteogenic differentiation in Dex-treated BMSCs is significantly decreased by the PKA inhibitor H89 and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. Collectively, our data indicate that GAL can ameliorate GIOP, partly by augmenting the mineralization of BMSCs by potentiating PKA/CREB-mediated autophagic flux, highlighting its potential therapeutic use in treating glucocorticoid-related osteoporosis.
- | Journal: miR-488-3p Represses Malignant Behaviors and Facilitates Autophagy of Osteosarcoma Cells by Targeting Neurensin-2. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 27, 2023
Our findings demonstrate that miR-488-3p suppresses malignant behaviors and promotes autophagy in OS cells by targeting NRSN2. This study provides insights into the role of miR-488-3p in OS pathogenesis and suggests its potential as a therapeutic target for OS treatment.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Alterations of Autophagy Modify Lipids in Epidermal Keratinocytes. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 26, 2023
Keratinocytes were incubated with autophagy inducer Rapamycin and autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1...In addition, the lipidomics results revealed a significant change in glycerophospholipids after autophagy induction and autophagy inhibition. These results demonstrate that autophagy may play an essential role in skin lipids via glycerophospholipids pathway.
- | Jingzhuda (entinostat) / EOC Pharma, EddingPharm, Istodax (romidepsin) / Astellas, BMS
Journal, Epigenetic controller: Histone Deacetylase Inhibition and Autophagy Modulation Induces a Synergistic Antiproliferative Effect and Cell Death in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 26, 2023
While acetylation levels were increased in response to HDAC inhibitors and autophagy modulator combinations, the HDAC expression decreased. This study highlights the importance of the combination of HDAC inhibition and autophagy modulators and demonstrates a synergistic effect, which could be a promising therapy and novel treatment approach for cholangiocarcinoma.
- Autophagy and Targeted Therapy in Brain Tumors () - Jun 26, 2023 - Abstract #ANA2023ANA_135;
This provides the initial biomarker for patients who could benefit from blocking autophagy clinically. Autophagy inhibition can overcome mechanistically distinct forms of resistance to RAFi, providing a new way to circumvent a major limitation of these drugs.
- || Review, Journal: Inhibition of autophagy; an opportunity for the treatment of cancer resistance. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 26, 2023
It also highlights the urgent need to explore new inhibitors that can synergize with existing therapies to achieve better patient treatment outcomes. Advancing research in this field is crucial for developing more effective treatments that can help improve the lives of cancer patients.
- | Journal: FAM46C Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene That Inhibits Lentiviral Particle Production by Modulating Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 26, 2023
We also demonstrate that such inhibitory effect relies, at least in part, on the well-established regulatory role that FAM46C exerts on autophagy. Deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation will not only facilitate the understanding of FAM46C physiological role but also give new insights on the interplay between HIV and the cellular environment.
- | Journal: Intermittent inhibition of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase induces melanosome degradation in B16F10 melanoma cells. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 26, 2023
Deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation will not only facilitate the understanding of FAM46C physiological role but also give new insights on the interplay between HIV and the cellular environment. In conclusion, disturbance of PIKfyve activity induces melanosome degradation in a canonical autophagy-independent manner.
- || Review, Journal: Pulmonary fibrosis and type-17 immunity. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 25, 2023
Clinical studies have also linked type-17 immunity to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Consequently, targeting type-17 immunity may serve as a new therapeutic strategy to prevent the development or exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis.
- | RSL3 / Stanford University
Journal: Role of liensinine in sensitivity of activated macrophages to ferroptosis and in acute liver injury. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 24, 2023
In ALI, we evaluated the potential therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of action of the drug in ALI and found that it effectively inhibited RSL3-induced ferroptosis in AAM...These findings suggest that Lie may ameliorate ALI by inhibiting ferritinophagy and enhancing AMM resistance to ferroptosis by inhibiting autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore, Lie may be used as a potential therapeutic agent for patients with ALI.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Loss of Macrophage mTORC2 Drives Atherosclerosis via FoxO1 and IL-1? Signaling. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 23, 2023
Therefore, Lie may be used as a potential therapeutic agent for patients with ALI. Our data provide the first mechanistic details of macrophage mTOR signaling in atherosclerosis and suggest that therapeutic measures aimed at modulating mTOR need to account for its dichotomous functions.
- | acetylcysteine solution / Generic mfg.
Journal, PD(L)-1 Biomarker, IO biomarker: Cinchonine exerts anti-tumor and immunotherapy sensitizing effects in lung cancer by impairing autophagic-lysosomal degradation. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 22, 2023
N-acetylcysteine, a potential ROS scavenger, significantly suppressed Cin-induced apoptosis...These results suggest that Cin exerts anti-tumor effects by inhibiting autophagy, and that the combination of Cin and PD-L1 blockade has synergistic anti-tumor effects. The data demonstrates the significant clinical potential of Cin in lung cancer treatment.
- | Journal: Autophagy Inhibition Contributes to Apoptosis of PLK4 Downregulation-induced Dormant Cells in Colorectal Cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 20, 2023
Our findings reveal that downregulation of PLK4-induced autophagy contributes to tumor dormancy and autophagy inhibition leads to apoptosis of CRC dormant cells. Our study is the first to report that downregulation PLK4 induced autophagy is an early event in CRC dormancy and highlights autophagy inhibitor as a potential therapeutic target for dormant cell elimination.
- | Journal: LSD1 silencing inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of hypopharyngeal cancer cells by inducing autophagy and pyroptosis. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 20, 2023
Importantly, 3-MA or MCC950 addition obviously reversed the inhibitory effects of LSD1 silencing on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of hypopharyngeal cancer cells. To sum up, LSD1 silencing could restrain the progression of hypopharyngeal cancer cells by inducing autophagy and pyroptosis.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., imipramine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Discovery and targeting of a noncanonical mechanism of sarcoma resistance to ADI-PEG20 mediated by the microenvironment. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 20, 2023
This mechanism can be targeted by either the macropinocytosis inhibitor imipramine or the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. These safe, widely available drugs should be added to current clinical trials to overcome microenvironmental arginine support of tumors and improve patient outcomes.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Inhibition of MEG3 ameliorates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and autophagy by regulating the expression of miRNA-129-5p in a mouse model of heart failure. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 20, 2023
Downregulation of MEG3 significantly inhibited excessive cardiomyocyte apoptosis and autophagy induced by ISO and HO through miRNA-129-5p/ATG14/Akt signaling pathways, and reduced HO-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy. In conclusion, inhibition of MEG3 ameliorates the maladaptive cardiac remodeling induced by ISO, probably by targeting the miRNA-129-5p/ATG14/Akt signaling pathway and may provide a tool for pharmaceutical intervention.
- | sorafenib / Generic mfg.
Journal: MiR-375 attenuates sorafenib resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting cell autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 20, 2023
MiR-375 suppresses autophagy to attenuate the sorafenib resistance of HCC cells by regulating SIRT5. The findings of this study may provide new therapeutic targets for treating HCC.
- | Journal: Overexpression of hepatic pescadillo 1 in obesity induces lipid dysregulation by inhibiting autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 20, 2023
binding to the Pes1 promoter, leading to the elevation of PES1, and subsequently enhancing PES1-facilitated ubiquitination of TFEB. Our findings reveal that overexpression of hepatic PES1 in obesity may induce TG dysregulation by inhibiting autophagy.
- | Journal: Human type III collagen-derived biomaterial with high antitumor activity inhibits breast cancer cell autophagy, proliferation, and migration through DDR1. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 19, 2023
Moreover, rhCOLIII treatment was found to reduce the tumorigenic activity of BCCs in animal experiments and to upregulate DDR1 protein expression while inhibiting autophagy at the tissue level. Therefore, rhCOLIII may serve as a potential treatment method for BC patients and is expected to improve the prognosis of patients.
- | Journal, Epigenetic controller: Role of histone deacetylase 9 in human periodontal ligament stem cells autophagy in a tumour necrosis factor ?-induced inflammatory environment. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 19, 2023
These findings reveal that autophagy occurred in our rat periodontitis model and that HDAC9 regulated autophagy via ERK pathways in hPDLSCs in the inflammatory environment. HDAC9 is therefore a potential target for the treatment of periodontitis.
- || everolimus / Generic mfg., sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Review, Journal: Advances in the mTOR signaling pathway and its inhibitor rapamycin in epilepsy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 19, 2023
HDAC9 is therefore a potential target for the treatment of periodontitis. Targeting the mTOR signaling pathway provides a promising prospect for the treatment of epilepsy.
- | Journal: lncRNA SYTL5-OT4 promotes vessel co-option by inhibiting the autophagic degradation of ASCT2. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 19, 2023
Targeting the mTOR signaling pathway provides a promising prospect for the treatment of epilepsy. This study highlights the crucial roles of lncRNA and glutamine metabolism in vessel co-option and provides a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with AAT-resistant CRCLM.
- | erastin - Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Dana / Farber Cancer Institute, Columbia University, Prolexys
Journal: SIRT3-mediated autophagy contributes to ferroptosis-induced anticancer by inducing the formation of BECN1-SLC7A11 complex. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 19, 2023
Using both in vitro and in vivo models, we revealed that combination treatment with erastin and TGF-?1 decreased the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers and inhibited the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer...Our results agreed with the concept that BECN1 directly binds to SLC7A11 to inhibit system Xc activity. In summary, our studies confirmed that SIRT3-mediated autophagy is conducive to ferroptosis-mediated anticancer activity by inducing the formation of BECN1-SLC7A11 complexes, which is a potential therapeutic approach for treating breast cancer.
- | Journal: Transcriptional Regulation of Autophagy-Related Genes by Sin3 Negatively Modulates Autophagy in Magnaporthe oryzae. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 19, 2023
Upon nutrient-deficient treatment, the transcriptional level of SIN3 would decrease and dissociation of Sin3 from those ATGs associates with histone hyperacetylation and activates their transcriptional expression and in turn contributes to autophagy induction. Our findings are important as we uncover a new mechanism of Sin3 for the first time to negatively modulate autophagy at the transcriptional level in M. oryzae.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Newly Discovered Antimicrobial Peptide Scyampcin from Scylla paramamosain Exhibits a Multitargeted Candidacidal Mechanism In Vitro and Is Effective in a Murine Model of Vaginal Candidiasis. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 19, 2023
In addition, C. albicans cells pretreated with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine significantly delayed the candidacidal effect of Scyampcin, suggesting that Scyampcin might contribute to autophagic cell death. In a murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis, the fungal burden of vaginal lavage was significantly decreased after treatment with Scyampcin.
- | birinapant (IGM-9427) / IGM Biosciences
Journal: Combined inhibition of XIAP and autophagy induces apoptosis and differentiation in acute myeloid leukaemia. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 19, 2023
Combined treatment using birinapant and chloroquine significantly retarded AML progression in both a subcutaneous xenograft model injected with HEL cells and an orthotopic xenograft model injected intravenously with C1498 cells. Collectively, our data suggested that XIAP inhibition can induce autophagy, apoptosis and differentiation, and combined inhibition of XIAP and autophagy may be a promising therapeutic strategy for AML.