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  • ||||||||||  Erivedge (vismodegib) / Roche
    Journal:  The Sonic hedgehog pathway inhibitor GDC0449 induces autophagic death in human Medulloblastoma Daoy cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 1, 2023   
    It was observed that inhibiting autophagy using Beclin1 siRNA significantly blocked the apoptosis-inducing effects of GDC0449, suggesting that GDC0449 mediates its apoptotic effects by inducing autophagy.Our data suggests that GDC0449 inhibits the growth of human MB Daoy cells by autophagy-mediated apoptosis. The mechanism of GDC0449-induced autophagy in Daoy cells may be related to the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Unraveling the Janus-Faced Role of Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 29, 2023   
    The goal is to improve the therapeutic response of liver cancer cells and overcome drug resistance, providing new avenues for improved treatment options for HCC patients. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians interested in the complex role of autophagy in HCC and its potential as a target for innovative therapies aimed to combat this devastating disease.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Seneca Valley Virus Degrades STING via PERK and ATF6-Mediated Reticulophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 29, 2023   
    The STING degradation observed was blocked when the SVV-induced autophagy was inhibited by using autophagy inhibitors (Chloroquine, Bafilomycin A1) or knockdown of autophagy related gene 5 (ATG5), suggesting that SVV-induced autophagy is responsible for STING degradation...Overall, our study suggested that SVV infection resulted in STING degradation via PERK and ATF6-mediated reticulophagy, which may be an immune escape strategy of SVV. This finding improves the understanding of the intricate interplay between viruses and their hosts and provides a novel strategy for the development of novel antiviral drugs.
  • ||||||||||  rosiglitazone / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor ? Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Sheep Trophoblast Cells through mTOR Pathway-Mediated Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 29, 2023   
    can induce autophagy by blocking the mTOR pathway, thereby promoting the accumulation of lipid droplets and lysosomal degradation, providing an energy basis for the rapid proliferation of trophoblast cells during embryo implantation. In brief, this study partially revealed the molecular regulatory mechanism of PPAR?, mTOR pathway, and autophagy on trophoblast cell lipid metabolism, which provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the functional regulatory network of trophoblast cells during the attachment of sheep embryos.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  ELABELA protects against diabetic kidney disease by activating high glucose-inhibited renal tubular autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 29, 2023   
    Mechanistically, the inhibitory effects of ELA on the secretion of fibrosis-associated proteins in high glucose conditions were blocked by pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor). In summary, these in vivo and in vitro results demonstrate that ELA effectively protects against DKD by activating high glucose-inhibited renal tubular autophagy, potentially serving as a novel therapeutic candidate for DKD.
  • ||||||||||  progesterone / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Melatonin promotes progesterone secretion in sheep luteal cells by regulating autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 29, 2023   
    In summary, these in vivo and in vitro results demonstrate that ELA effectively protects against DKD by activating high glucose-inhibited renal tubular autophagy, potentially serving as a novel therapeutic candidate for DKD. In addition, to determine whether melatonin regulated progesterone secretion via the regulation of autophagy, luteal cells were cultured before being exposed to different concentrations of melatonin (0.01-100
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Sphingolipid-Based Synergistic Interactions to Enhance Chemosensitivity in Lung Cancer Cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 28, 2023   
    Loaded cells with fluorescent sphingomyelin analog (BODIPY) and mCherry-EGFP-LC3B were used to track autophagic flux and assess cytotoxicity when cells are exposed to chemotherapy (epirubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel) together with sphingolipid pathway inhibitors and autophagy modulators...Results showed significant synergy, especially when combining epirubicin with autophagy inducers (rapamycin and Torin), reducing cell viability...Further research is needed to identify specific sphingolipids accumulating in autophagosomes. These findings offer insights into potential strategies for overcoming chemotherapy resistance by targeting the sphingolipid pathway.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Targeting protein methylation in pancreatic cancer cells results in KRAS signaling imbalance and inhibition of autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 28, 2023   
    The demethylation events that resulted in PP2A inactivation also favored autophagy inhibition by preventing ULK1 activation while restoring the cytoplasmic retention of the MiT/TFE transcription factors. Since autophagy provides pancreatic cancer cells with metabolic plasticity to cope with various metabolic stress conditions, while at the same time promoting their pathogenesis and resistance to KRAS pathway inhibitors, this hypomethylating treatment could represent a therapeutic opportunity for pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  The role of vitamin D3 in modulating the interplay between NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy in NASH. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 27, 2023   
    Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an autophagy inhibitor, was co-administered with CAL to examine the likely modulation of the NLRP3/autophagy crosstalk...Intriguingly, CAL modulatory effects on inflammasome activation were curbed in the group that received HCQ, suggesting a potential autophagy dependency. Accordingly, the current study suggests that CAL was capable of ameliorating NASH via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an autophagy-dependent manner.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Electroacupuncture alleviates intrauterine adhesion through regulating autophagy in rats. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 27, 2023   
    Additionally, the effect of EA was comparable to that of the autophagy agonist rapamycin, and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine reversed the therapeutic effect of EA. Therefore, we assume that EA may facilitate endometrial healing by activating autophagy and reducing NF-?B signal pathway-mediated inflammation.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Curcumin inhibits the activity and induces apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cell by suppressing autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 27, 2023   
    Our results showed that rapamycin, an autophagy activator, could partly offset the effects of curcumin on autophagy and apoptosis of LX-2 cells, while 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, could enhance these effects...Overall, we demonstrated that curcumin could inhibit the activity and promote LX-2 cells apoptosis by suppressing autophagy by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway. In addition, lipid recovery and energy deprivation due to autophagy inhibition may be the exact mechanism by which curcumin attenuates the pro-fibrotic activity of LX-2.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Effects of Trichinella spiralis and its serine protease inhibitors on autophagy of host small intestinal cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 27, 2023   
    Overall, our results indicated that T. spiralis induced autophagy of host small intestinal cells, and its TsSPIs play an important role in enhancing autophagy flux by affecting autophagy-related pathways. These findings lay a foundation for further exploring the pathogenesis of intestinal dysfunction of host after T. spiralis infection, and also provide some experimental and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of trichinellosis.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Carbon black nanoparticles and cadmium co-exposure aggravates bronchial epithelial cells inflammation via autophagy-lysosome pathway. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 25, 2023   
    We demonstrated that co-exposure to CBNPs-Cd increases the synthesis of autophagosomes and regulates the acidic environment of lysosomes, thereby inhibiting autophagy-lysosome fusion and enhancing the inflammatory response in both 16HBE cells and mouse lung. These findings provide evidence for a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between CBNPs and Cd in mixed pollutants, as well as for the prevention and control of occupational exposure to these two chemicals.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  The collagen matrix regulates the survival and function of pancreatic islets. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 24, 2023   
    Targeting inhibit Piezo, autophagy or IL-6 may reduce excessive collagen deposition-induced pancreatic fibrosis and pancreatic carcinoma. This review provides insights into the treatment of T1DM to prolong life expectancy and provides the potential targets for treating collagen deposition-induced pancreatic fibrosis and pancreatic carcinoma.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Cytotoxicity, Differentiation, and Biocompatibility of Root-End Filling: A Comprehensive Study. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 24, 2023   
    Within the limitation of this study, it was concluded that Portland cement with bismuth exhibits cytocompatibility and promotes odontoblast-like cell differentiation. This research contributes valuable insights into biocompatibility, suggesting its potential use in endodontic repair and biomimetic remineralization.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Pathological Myocardial Hypertrophy. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 23, 2023   
    To clarify the relationship between SGLT2 inhibitors and pathological myocardial hypertrophy, with a view to providing a reference for the future treatment thereof, this study reviewed the possible mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors in attenuating pathological myocardial hypertrophy. We focused specifically on the mechanisms in terms of inflammation, oxidative stress, myocardial fibrosis, mitochondrial function, epicardial lipids, endothelial function, insulin resistance, cardiac hydrogen and sodium exchange, and autophagy.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Head and neck INI1-deficient carcinoma without primary: a (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 21, 2023   
    Shenmai injection inhibited autophagy and apoptosis via miR-30a, thereby alleviating doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury. Research of INI1 deletion should be performed for undifferentiated carcinoma of young patients because of possibilities of molecular therapies such as autophagy inhibitors or proteasome inhibitors could be used in clinical trials.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  Cadmium exposure exacerbates kidney damage by inhibiting autophagy in diabetic rats. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 21, 2023   
    Further, lysosomal protein levels were lower, and ROS content and autophagosome count significantly higher in the cadmium exposed groups compared to the unexposed controls. Therefore, Cadmium exposure aggravates diabetic kidney injury via autophagy inhibition.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  Depletion of ?-arrestin-1 in macrophages enhances atherosclerosis in ApoE mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 20, 2023   
    The alleviative effects induced by macrophage ?-arrestin-1 in atherosclerosis were involved in autophagy, based on the reduction of autophagy level with the knocking down of macrophage ?-arrestin-1 and administration of autophagy inhibitors which largely attenuated the decreasing effect on foam cell formation. Our results demonstrated for the first time that macrophage ?-arrestin-1 protected against atherosclerosis through the induction of autophagy.
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal:  Hydroxychloroquine: Key therapeutic advances and emerging nanotechnological landscape for cancer mitigation. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 20, 2023   
    Furthermore, the antitumor performance of the nanoformulated HCQ is also reviewed thoroughly, aiming to serve as a guide for the HCQ-based enhanced treatment of cancers. The nanoencapsulation or nanoconjugation of HCQ with nanoassemblies appears to be a promising method for reducing the toxicity and improving the antitumor efficacy of HCQ.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Autophagy indicators in oral squamous cell carcinoma. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 19, 2023   
    Disease-free survival showed an inverse correlation with high mTOR expression. Our data suggest that autophagy inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors may have a therapeutic role in the treatment of OSCCs.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Enrollment change, Trial completion date, Trial withdrawal, Trial primary completion date:  The Addition of Chloroquine to Chemoradiation for Glioblastoma, (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Nov 18, 2023   
    P2,  N=0, Withdrawn, 
    N=54 --> 15 | Trial completion date: Dec 2024 --> Dec 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2023 --> Dec 2025 N=156 --> 0 | Trial completion date: Jan 2025 --> Nov 2023 | Not yet recruiting --> Withdrawn | Trial primary completion date: Jan 2025 --> Nov 2023