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- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., desipramine / Generic mfg.
Journal: An Antidepressant Drug Increased TRAIL Receptor-2 Expression and Sensitized Lung Cancer Cells to TRAIL-induced Apoptosis. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 17, 2023
Our findings revealed the potential of desipramine to induce TRAIL-mediated cell death by autophagy impairment. This discovery suggests its therapeutic potential for inducing TRAIL-mediated cell death by increasing the expression of death receptors, which is caused by impairing autophagy.
- | Journal, IO biomarker: Regulation of HeLa cell proliferation and apoptosis by bovine lactoferrin. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 17, 2023
In the present study, our results support the theory of bLF significantly inhibited the proliferation of Hela cells by promoting apoptosis and reinforcing autophagy. The study will play an important role in therapying cervical cancer.
- | BMS309403 / BMS
Journal: FABP4 mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy to regulate endometrial epithelial cell function during early sheep gestation. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 17, 2023
Moreover, the FABP4 inhibitor BMS309403 counteracted hormone-mediated functional changes in SEECs, and an endoplasmic reticulum stress activator and autophagy inhibitor reversed the abnormal secretion of prostaglandins induced by FABP4 inhibition. These results suggest that FABP4 affects ovine endometrial function during early gestation by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in SEECs.
- | Journal: Fructose-induced mTORC1 Activation Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression through Inhibition of Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 17, 2023
Moreover, the fructose specific transporter GLUT5 was highly expressed in PDAC tissues and was an independent marker of disease progression in PDAC patients. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the role of fructose in promoting PDAC progression and offer potential strategies for targeting metabolism to treat PDAC.
- || Review, Journal: Viruses and autophagy: bend, but don't break. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2023
Inhibition of autophagic degradation is important once infection has initiated. Although true degradative autophagy is probably a negative for most viruses, initiating nondegradative autophagic membranes benefits a wide variety of viruses.
- || Review, Journal: The autophagy of stress granules. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2023
Mutations and disease-associated variants implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and frontotemporal lobar dementia compromise autophagy, whilst autophagy-inhibiting drugs or knockdown of essential autophagy proteins result in the persistence of SGs. In this review, we will consider the current knowledge regarding the autophagy of stress granules.
- | Ibrance (palbociclib) / Pfizer
Trial primary completion date: A Phase Ib/II Study Confirmed Inhibition of Autophagy Synergizes Anti-tumor Effect of High Dose CDK4/6i (clinicaltrials.gov) - Dec 15, 2023
P1/2, N=29, Recruiting, Sponsor: Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
In this review, we will consider the current knowledge regarding the autophagy of stress granules. Trial primary completion date: Jun 2024 --> Dec 2023
- | Journal: Methylated MFGE8 Promotes Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Inhibiting Autophagy of Nerve Cell. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 14, 2023
- | Journal: Curcumin attenuates diphenyl phosphate-induced apoptosis in GC-2spd(ts) cells through activated autophagy via the Nrf2/P53 pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 14, 2023
Cur inhibited DPhP-induced apoptosis in GC-2spd(ts) cells by activating autophagy via Nrf2/p53 signaling. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into the reproductive toxicity hazards of DPhP and demonstrates that Cur is an important therapeutic agent for alleviating DPhP-induced reproductive toxicity by regulating Nrf2/p53 signaling.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Autophagy is involved in degradation of AQP1 in response to an acute decrement in tonicity. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 14, 2023
In kidney inner medulla of mice given a 3% NaCl solution, activation of autophagy was associated with decreased AQP1 protein expression, which was prevented by 3-MA. In conclusion, low osmotic stress induced autophagy which contributed to the decreased AQP1 protein expression in the renal medulla.
- | Preclinical, Journal: N6-methyladenosine demethylase FTO regulates synaptic and cognitive impairment by destabilizing PTEN mRNA in hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 13, 2023
Moreover, the synaptic and neurocognitive disorders induced by HI were effectively reversed through the overexpression of FTO in the hippocampus. Cumulatively, these findings demonstrate the functional importance of FTO-dependent hippocampal m6A methylome in cognitive function and provides novel mechanistic insights into the therapeutic potentials of FTO in neonatal HIBD.
- | resatorvid (TAK-242) / Takeda, Akaza Bioscience
Preclinical, Journal: Yanghepingchuan granule improves airway inflammation by inhibiting autophagy via miRNA328-3p/high mobility group box 1/Toll-like receptor 4 targeting of the pathway of signaling in rat models of asthma. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 13, 2023
During the 14-day treatment period, the rats received YHPCG, TAK242 (TLR4 inhibitor), and a combination of the two treatments...YHPCG inhibit the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-?B pathway by upregulating miR-328-3p, reducing autophagosome production, inhibiting autophagy, and effectively preventing the progression of lung inflammation. Asthma airway inflammation can be treated with YHPCG by inhibiting autophagy via miRNA328-3p/HMGB1/TLR4/NF-?B signaling pathways.
- | hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Oral Carbon Monoxide Enhances Autophagy Modulation in Prostate, Pancreatic, and Lung Cancers. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 12, 2023
To delineate clinical and epidemiological features associated with autophagy inhibition and a positive oncological clinical response, a retrospective analysis of patients is conducted treated with hydroxychloroquine, a known autophagy inhibitor...A novel, gas-entrapping material containing CO in a pre-clinical model is applied and demonstrated that CO can dramatically increase the cytotoxicity of autophagy inhibitors and significantly inhibit the growth of tumors when used in combination. These data support the notion that safe, therapeutic levels of CO can markedly enhance the efficacy of autophagy inhibitors, opening a promising new frontier in the quest to improve cancer therapies.
- | Journal, Epigenetic controller: T-2 Toxin-Mediated ?-Arrestin-1 O-GlcNAcylation Exacerbates Glomerular Podocyte Injury via Regulating Histone Acetylation. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 12, 2023
These data support the notion that safe, therapeutic levels of CO can markedly enhance the efficacy of autophagy inhibitors, opening a promising new frontier in the quest to improve cancer therapies. To sum up, OGT-mediated ?-arrestin-1 O-GlcNAcylation is a vital regulator in the development of T-2 toxin-stimulated podocyte injury via activating the mTOR
- | Torin1 / InvivoGen
Journal: Bisabosqual A: A novel asparagine synthetase inhibitor suppressing the proliferation and migration of human non-small cell lung cancer A549 (Pubmed Central) - Dec 11, 2023
Moreover, Bis A induced negative feedback pathways containing the GCN2-eIF2?-ATF4, PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 and RAF-MEK-ERK axes, but combination treatment of Bis A and rapamycin/torin-1 overcame the potential drug resistance triggered by mTOR pathways. Our study demonstrates that ASNS inhibition is promising for cancer chemotherapy, and Bis A is a potential lead ASNS inhibitor for anticancer development.
- | Journal: Is Autophagy a Prerequisite for Steroidogenesis in Leydig Cells? (Pubmed Central) - Dec 11, 2023
This was consistent with the results of the rat Leydig cell experiments. Together, we believe that although autophagy participates in steroidogenesis and enhances steroidogenic efficacy of Leydig cells, it may not be a decisive cellular process for steroidogenesis, specifically in the mature Leydig cells.
- || Review, Journal: Induction mechanisms of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 10, 2023
Therefore, the progress in targeted therapy for intestinal diseases based on autophagy and ERS provides novel strategies for managing intestinal diseases. In this paper, we review the advances in regulation of autophagy and ERS in intestinal diseases, emphasizing the potential molecular mechanisms for therapeutic applications.
- | Journal: Autophagy Inhibition in Trophoblasts Induces Aberrant Shift in CXCR4 Decidual NK Cell Phenotype Leading to Pregnancy Loss. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 9, 2023
Autophagy inhibition in trophoblasts induces an aberrant shift in the CXCR4 dNK phenotype, potentially contributing to pregnancy loss. This sheds light on the nuanced behavior of dNK cells during pregnancy, offering promising therapeutic avenues to mitigate pregnancy complications.
- | Journal: Influence of C Nanofilm on the Expression of Selected Markers of Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 9, 2023
The C nanofilm inhibited autophagy, showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, increased glucose transport and regulated the ?-catenin/keratin/Smad4/snail+slug and MMP signalling pathways. In conclusion, the C nanofilm induces a hybrid mesenchymal-epithelial phenotype and could be used in the prevention of postoperative recurrences.
- | Journal: Excess PrP inhibits muscle cell differentiation via miRNA-enhanced liquid-liquid phase separation implicated in myopathy. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 9, 2023
PrP selectively binds to a subset of miRNAs during myoblast differentiation, and the colocalization of PrP and miR-214-3p was observed in the skeletal muscle of six myopathy patients with excessive PrP. We demonstrate that PrP is overexpressed in skeletal muscle cells under pathological conditions, inhibits muscle cell differentiation by physically interacting with a subset of miRNAs, and selectively recruits these miRNAs into its phase-separated condensate in living myoblasts, which in turn enhances liquid-liquid phase separation of PrP, promotes pathological aggregation of PrP, and results in the inhibition of autophagy-related protein 5-dependent autophagy and muscle bundle formation in myopathy patients characterized by incomplete muscle regeneration.
- | acetylcysteine solution / Generic mfg.
Journal: Dibromoacetonitrile induced autophagy by mediating the PERK signalling pathway and ROS interaction in HT22 cell. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 9, 2023
Pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited the increase in ROS production and the activation of ERS, and protected cells from toxicity...In summary, our findings indicate that DBAN induced autophagy by mediating the PERK signalling pathway and ROS interaction, leading to HT22 cell damage. Accordingly, targeting these pathogenic mechanisms may provide a potential target and theoretical basis for preventing and improving HAN-induced neurotoxicity.
- | LY294002 / Eli Lilly
Journal: S-adenosylmethionine attenuates angiotensin II-induced aortic dissection formation by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch and autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 9, 2023
SAM prevented AD formation mainly by inhibiting cellular phenotypic switch and autophagy, and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is a possible molecular mechanism. Thus, SAM may be a novel strategy for the treatment of AD.
- | Preclinical, Journal: MicroRNA-126-3P targets PIK3R2 to ameliorate autophagy and apoptosis of cortex in hypoxia-reoxygenation treated neonatal rats. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 8, 2023
The consequences of miR-126-3p were comparable to those of PIK3R2 silencing. A new therapeutic target for HI injury in newborn rats is provided by the overexpression of miR-126-3p, which inhibits autophagy and death of cortical neurons by targeting PIK3R2 in HI-treated neonatal rats.
- | Journal: Metal-DNA (Pubmed Central) - Dec 7, 2023
Notably, the Metal-DNA nanocomplexes can also induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), thereby inhibiting tumor metastasis. Specifically, in a bilateral tumor model in mice, the combined approach of CDT and autophagy inhibition followed by immune checkpoint blockade therapy shown significant potential as a novel and effective treatment modality for primary and metastatic tumors.
- | MG132 / Jilin University, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
Journal: CoCl -triggered pseudohypoxic stress induces proteasomal degradation of SIRT4 via polyubiquitination of lysines K78 and K299. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 7, 2023
Moreover, SIRT4(K78R) and SIRT4(K299R) displayed increased basal protein stability as compared to wild-type SIRT4 when subjected to MG132 treatment or cycloheximide (CHX) chase assays. Thus, our data indicate that stress-induced protein degradation of SIRT4 occurs through two mechanisms: (i) via mitochondrial autophagy/mitophagy, and (ii) as a separate process via proteasomal degradation within the cytoplasm.
- | Journal: Loss of Autophagy Disrupts Stemness of Ameloblast-Lineage Cells in Aging. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 7, 2023
The epigenetic change and upregulation of p21 expression were induced by autophagy inhibition in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest that autophagy is important for the regulation of stem cell maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of ameloblast-lineage cells, and an autophagy disorder may induce tumorigenesis in odontogenic epithelial cells.
- | Journal: Melittin kills A549 cells by targeting mitochondria and blocking mitophagy flux. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 6, 2023
To summarize, our study unveils that melittin targets mitochondria, causing mitochondrial damage, and inhibits the autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway. This process triggers mitoROS burst and ultimately activates the mitochondria-associated Bax/Bcl-2 apoptotic signaling pathways in A549 cells.
- Association of methylation silencing of ULK2 via epithelial-mesenchymal transition and differentiated gastric cancers. (Poster Bd # K9) - Dec 6, 2023 - Abstract #ASCOGI2024ASCO_GI_287;
This process triggers mitoROS burst and ultimately activates the mitochondria-associated Bax/Bcl-2 apoptotic signaling pathways in A549 cells. Methylation silencing of ULK2 in gastric cancer cells could induce cell migration and EMT by means of autophagy induction, causing transformation to poorly differentiated cancers.
- | Journal: MIOX inhibits autophagy to regulate the ROS -driven inhibition of STAT3/c-Myc-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 6, 2023
In vivo data further confirmed that increased MIOX expression suppressed the growth and proliferation of RCC cells and reduced the ability of RCC cells to form metastases in the lung. This study demonstrates that MIOX is an important regulatory molecule of ccRCC, which is conducive to understanding the potential molecular mechanism of ccRCC progression.
- | bortezomib / Generic mfg., clarithromycin / Generic mfg.
Journal, Stroma: Clarithromycin overcomes stromal cell-mediated drug resistance against proteasome inhibitors in myeloma cells via autophagy flux blockage leading to high NOXA expression. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 5, 2023
Our data suggest that BMSC-associated BTZ resistance is mediated by the attenuation of ER stress loading. However, the addition of CAM overcomes BMSC-associated resistance via upregulation of NOXA by concomitantly blocking autophagy-mediated NOXA degradation and transcriptional activation of NOXA by ER stress loading.
- | Journal: High glucose levels delay the senescence of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth by suppressing autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 5, 2023
However, the addition of CAM overcomes BMSC-associated resistance via upregulation of NOXA by concomitantly blocking autophagy-mediated NOXA degradation and transcriptional activation of NOXA by ER stress loading. The glycometabolism of SHED and hBMSC differed, and a high glucose culture medium was more favorable for SHED.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Autophagy protects against vocal fold injury-induced fibrosis. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 5, 2023
The glycometabolism of SHED and hBMSC differed, and a high glucose culture medium was more favorable for SHED. Our data suggest that autophagy is a suppressor of VFI by alleviating fibrosis, making targeting autophagy a potential therapeutic route in VFI.
- | Journal: Analysis of the immune function of Caspase-3 in Cristaria plicata. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 5, 2023
In addition, a recombinant CpCaspase-3-pEGFP-C1 plasmid was constructed for subcellular localization experiments and found that CpCaspase-3 was distributed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This paper aims to unveil the immune mechanism of C. plicata and provide a theoretical basis for the healthy culture of shellfish.
- | Journal: Blocked Autophagy is Involved in Layered Double Hydroxide-Induced Repolarization and Immune (Pubmed Central) - Dec 5, 2023
Therefore, LDHs exert their polarization ability by inhibiting the autophagy of TAMs, and this mechanism might be related to the ionic composition of LDHs. This study lays the foundation for optimizing the performance of LDH-based immune adjuvants, which display excellent application prospects for tumor immunotherapy.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., hydroquinone / Generic mfg.
Journal: Hydroquinone-selected chronic myelogenous leukemia cells are sensitive to chloroquine-induced cytotoxicity via MCL1 suppression and glycolysis inhibition. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
Likewise, CQ-induced MCL1 suppression and glycolysis inhibition resulted in higher cytotoxicity in CML KU812/HQ cells than in KU812 cells. Taken together, our data confirm that CQ inhibits MCL1 expression through the ERK/miR-29a/TTP/NOXA pathway, and that inhibition of glycolysis is positively correlated to higher cytotoxicity of CQ on HQ-selected CML cells.
- | Journal: CTCF modulates adipocyte lipolysis via directly regulating the expression of Beclin 1 with the cooperation of PPAR?. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
Collectively, CTCF cooperates with PPAR? to regulate autophagy via directly modulating BECLIN 1 transcription, thereby leading to increased adipocyte lipolysis.
- | Biomarker, Journal: Pulmonary tuberculosis biomarker miR-215-5p inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
Furthermore, we discovered that the up-regulated miRNA-215-5p could inhibit the maturation of autophagy by preventing the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes in macrophages. The role of TB-specific miRNA-215-5p in inhibiting auto-lysosome formation provides evidence of its potential role in Host-directed therapy for tuberculosis.
- | Journal: PRMT5 mediates FoxO1 methylation and subcellular localization to regulate lipophagy in myogenic progenitors. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
Systemic inhibition of autophagy in Prmt5 mice restores LDs in myoblasts and moderately improves muscle regeneration. Together, PRMT5 is essential for muscle development and regeneration at least partially through mediating FoxO1 methylation and LD turnover.
- | loperamide / Generic mfg.
Journal: Loperamide induces protective autophagy and apoptosis through the ROS/JNK signaling pathway in bladder cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
Overall, these findings demonstrated that loperamide induced autophagy and apoptosis through the ROS-mediated JNK pathway in bladder cancer cells. Our results suggest that the strategy of combining loperamide with autophagy inhibitor CQ may provide a therapeutic option for the treatment of bladder cancer.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: MiR-455-3p mediates PPAR? through UBN2 to promote apoptosis and autophagy in acute myeloid leukemia cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
protein expression through UBN2 and exacerbates AML cell apoptosis and autophagy. This study found that miR-455-3p plays an important role in AML cell apoptosis and autophagy, which may provide novel insights for the treatment of AML diseases.
- | doxorubicin hydrochloride / Generic mfg.
Journal: Targeting autophagy with SAR405 alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
Using the cardiomyocyte cell lines AC16 and H9c2, we determined that autophagy was initiated during AIC. Our results suggest that inhibition of autophagy at its early phase with SAR405 combined with DEX represents an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent AIC.
- | Journal, IO biomarker: Inhibition of Autophagy in Renal Cells With Human, Urine-derived, Stem-cell Exosomes to Improve Diabetic Nephropathy. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
Human urine-derived stem cell exosomes can significantly reduce the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway, reduce the autophagy of rats' kidney cells, increase the protein expression of LC3B in kidney tissues, and reduce the damage to glomerular cells. By blocking the mTOR signaling pathway, human urogenic exosomes can alleviate the signs and symptoms of DN.
- | chlorogenic acid / Jiuzhang Biotech
Journal: EGR1 is crucial for the chlorogenic acid-provided promotion on liver regeneration and repair after APAP-induced liver injury. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
CGA increased EGR1 nuclear accumulation; enhanced hepatic Ccnd1, p62, Gclc, and Gclm expression; and accelerated the liver regeneration and repair in APAP-intoxicated mice. In conclusion, EGR1 deficiency aggravated liver injury and obviously delayed liver regeneration post APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through inhibiting autophagy, enhancing liver oxidative injury, and retarding cell cycle progression, but CGA promoted the liver regeneration and repair in APAP-intoxicated mice via inducing EGR1 transcriptional activation.
- | Journal: Herpud1 deficiency alleviates homocysteine-induced aortic valve calcification. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
- | Journal: Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 promotes tumorigenesis and progression by an FKBP12/mTORC1/autophagy positive feedback loop in hepatocellular carcinoma. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 4, 2023
Our results revealed that USP22 promoted tumorigenesis and progression via an FKBP12/mTORC1/autophagy positive feedback loop in HCC. Clinically, USP22 may be an effective biomarker for selecting eligible recipients with HCC for anti-mTOR-based therapy after LT.
- | Journal, IO biomarker: Inhibitory Effect of ?-Sitosterol on the Ang II-Induced Proliferation of A7r5 Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 3, 2023
This study found for the first time that ?-sitosterol could inhibit the proliferation of A7r5 cells induced by Ang II. ?-Sitosterol treatment may be recommended as a therapeutic strategy to prevent the cardiovascular diseases.
- | Journal: Hepatocyte-specific regulation of autophagy and inflammasome activation via MyD88 during lethal Ehrlichia infection. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 3, 2023
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that hepatocyte-specific regulation of autophagy and inflammasome pathway via MyD88 is distinct than MyD88 signaling in macrophages during fatal ehrlichiosis. Understanding hepatocyte-specific signaling is critical for the development of new therapeutics against liver-targeting pathogens such as Ehrlichia.
- | Journal: Autophagy modulation changes mechano-chemical sensitivity of T24 bladder cancer cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 2, 2023
Additionally, this study highlighted that the activity profile of compounds with similar cytotoxic potential (e.g. co-incubation DON with BAFI or FA with WORT) can diverge substantially in the regulation of cell mechanotransduction. Considering the interdependence between tumor progression and response to mechanical cues, these data promise to provide a novel viewpoint for the study of chemoresistance and associated pathways.
- | Journal: miR-93 and synaptotagmin-7: two novel players in the regulation of autophagy during cardiac hypertrophy. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 1, 2023
This research identifies new players in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy, opening innovative therapeutic perspectives. miR-93 may also be considered in the future as a novel circulating biomarker for patients at high risk to develop HF.
- | GSK690693 / GSK
Journal: LYC inhibits the AKT signaling pathway to activate autophagy and ameliorate TGFB-induced renal fibrosis. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 1, 2023
However, SC79 inhibited autophagy and reversed the inhibitory effect of LYC on EMT. The results showed that LYC could inhibit the AKT signaling pathway to activate mitophagy and reduce renal fibrosis.Abbreviation: AA: aristolochic acid; ACTA2/?-SMA: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ACTB: actin beta; AKT/protein kinase B: thymoma viral proto-oncogene; BAF-A1: bafilomycin A; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CCN2/CTGF: cellular communication network factor 2; CDH1/E-Cadherin: cadherin 1; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COL1: collagen, type I; COL3: collagen, type III; CQ: chloroquine; ECM: extracellular matrix; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; FN1: fibronectin 1; LYC: lycopene; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase ; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PPI: protein-protein interaction; SMAD2: SMAD family member 2; SMAD3: SMAD family member 3; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TGFB/TGF?: transforming growth factor, beta; VIM: vimentin.