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  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Circular RNA_101237 mediates anoxia/reoxygenation injury by targeting let‑7a‑5p/IGF2BP3 in cardiomyocytes. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 13, 2020   
    IGF2BP3 downregulation decreased the levels of apoptosis and inhibited autophagy induced by A/R challenge in primary cardiomyocytes. These results identified circRNA_101237 as a novel circRNA that regulates cardiomyocyte death and autophagy, and demonstrated that the circRNA‑101237/let‑7a‑5p/IGF2BP3 axis, which serves as a regulator of cardiomyocyte death, may be a potential therapeutic target for the management of cardiovascular diseases.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    [VIRTUAL] GBM and Radiation: The Double-Edged Sword Effects of Cannabis (Poster Hall) -  Sep 13, 2020 - Abstract #ASTRO2020ASTRO_1953;    
    Cannabidiol has both a strong apoptotic and a modest autophagic signaling pathway as shown in several GBM models. Studies to elucidate how these two contrasting pathways may be safely and optimally modulated in CBD treatment of GBM (using 3D cultures and mini-tumor models) are ongoing.
  • ||||||||||  Journal, PARP Biomarker:  Suppression of estrogen receptor-beta promotes gastric cancer cell apoptosis with induction of autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 12, 2020   
    The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or silencing ATG7 rescued the apoptosis by knocking down ESR2 via activation of the MAPK signaling pathway in AGS cells, leading to increased apoptosis. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that suppression of ESR2 gene expression could promote GC cell apoptosis, suggesting that it may prove to be a potential therapeutic target for GC.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Inhibited autophagy impairs systemic nutrient metabolism in Nile tilapia. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2020   
    In an 8-week feeding trial, Nile tilapia were fed either a control diet with medium fat and medium carbohydrate (Control), or a control diet supplemented with a classic autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine, CQ)...Physiological status and gene expressions suggested that impaired autophagy might be at least one cause of the metabolic diseases which has been commonly seen in aquaculture. These results indicate that inhibition of autophagy could significantly affect the metabolism of lipid, carbohydrate and protein in fish; hence, autophagy could play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of nutrient metabolism in cultured fish.
  • ||||||||||  telaglenastat (CB-839) / Calithera, fulvestrant / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Estrogen inhibits autophagy and promotes growth of endometrial cancer by promoting glutamine metabolism. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2020   
    These results indicate that inhibition of autophagy could significantly affect the metabolism of lipid, carbohydrate and protein in fish; hence, autophagy could play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of nutrient metabolism in cultured fish. CB-839 triggers autophagy and restricts growth of UEC by suppressing ER/Gln metabolism, which provides new insights into the potential value of CB-839 in clinical treatment of estrogen-related UEC.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Interactions between Autophagy and DNA Viruses. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2020   
    At the same time, viruses can also use autophagy to enhance their replication or increase the persistence of latent infections. Here, we give a brief overview of autophagy and DNA viruses and comprehensively review the known interactions between human and animal DNA viruses and autophagy and the role and mechanisms of autophagy in viral DNA replication and DNA virus-induced innate and acquired immunity.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Effects of autophagy on apoptosis of articular chondrocytes in adjuvant arthritis rats. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2020   
    In addition, pre-treatment with 3-MA increased acid-induced chondrocyte apoptosis, while pre-treatment with rapamycin reduced acid-induced chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro. These results suggest that autophagy might be a potential target for the treatment of RA.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal, PARP Biomarker, IO Biomarker:  Uncovering the Mechanisms of Cryptotanshinone as a Therapeutic Agent Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2020   
    Autophagy inhibitors (3-methyladenine and chloroquine) enhanced CPT-induced proliferation and apoptosis, suggesting that CPT-induced autophagy may protect HCC cells against cell death...We elucidated the potential antitumor mechanism of CPT, which involved inducing apoptosis and autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Our findings may provide valuable insights into the clinical application of CPT, serving as a potential candidate therapeutic agent for HCC treatment.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  mTOR Mysteries: Nuances and Questions About the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin in Neurodegeneration. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2020   
    (6) "Lifestyle interventions" - Could specific diets, micronutrients, or exercise alter mTORC1 signaling to prevent or improve the progression neurodegenerative diseases? This manuscript is devoted to discussing recent research findings that offer insights into these gaps in the literature, with the aim of inspiring further inquiry.
  • ||||||||||  Journal, PARP Biomarker:  AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 Axis-Mediated Pathway Participates in Apoptosis and Autophagy Induction by Oridonin in Colon Cancer DLD-1 Cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 10, 2020   
    In addition, outcomes from the in vivo experiments also showed that oridonin treatment significantly repressed tumorigenic growth of DLD-1 cells without any side effects, which was accompanied by the upregulation of p-AMPK, LC3-II, active caspase-3 protein expression levels and the downregulation of p-mTOR and p-ULK1 protein expression levels. This study demonstrated that oridonin induced apoptosis and autophagy of colon cancer DLD-1 cells via regulating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway, which indicated that oridonin may be used as a novel therapeutic intervention for patients with colorectal cancer.
  • ||||||||||  doxorubicin hydrochloride / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy associated with inhibition of autophagic degradation process and defects in mitochondrial respiration. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 9, 2020   
    The in vivo impairment of autophagic degradation process and mitochondrial dysfunction data were confirmed in vitro using cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. Both acute and chronic Dox-associated cardiomyopathy involves a multifocal disease process resulting from autophagosomes and autolysosomes accumulation, altered expression of mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative phosphorylation regulatory proteins, and mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Modulation of autophagy by the novel mitochondrial complex I inhibitor Authipyrin. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 9, 2020   
    Herein, we report the discovery of a structurally novel autophagy inhibitor (Authipyrin) using a high content screening approach. Target identification and validation led to the discovery that Authipyrin targets mitochondrial complex I directly, leading to the potent inhibition of mitochondrial respiration as well as autophagy.
  • ||||||||||  Journal, BRCA Biomarker:  Depletion of NBR1 in urothelial carcinoma cells enhances rapamycin-induced apoptosis through impaired autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 9, 2020   
    NBR1-knockdown URCa cells exhibited rather profound mitochondrial dysfunctions in response to rapamycin treatment as evidenced by Δψm collapse, ATP depletion, ROS accumulation, and apoptosis activation. Therefore, our findings provide a rationale for rapamycin treatment of NBR1-knockdown human urothelial cancer through the regulation of autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, indicating that NBR1 can be a potential therapeutic target of human urothelial cancer.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Dual-targeting nanotherapeutics antagonize hyperinsulinemia-promoted tumor growth via activating cell autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 9, 2020   
    U/A-SeNPs cause mitochondrial fragmentation to induce the cell apoptosis via the synergistic action of overproduced ROS and activated autophagy. In conclusion, this study proposes a feasible method for the synthesis of dual-targeting nanomedicines, and it also provides a new strategy for the application of Se-based nanotherapeutics in tumor therapy under hyperinsulinemia conditions.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  Involvement of oxidative stress in ZnO NPs-induced apoptosis and autophagy of mouse GC-1 spg cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 9, 2020   
    Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA could rescue the inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis by ZnO NPs, which indicated that autophagy might have cytotoxic effect on ZnO NPs-induced apoptosis. In summary, oxidative stress was involved in ZnO NPs-induced apoptosis and autophagy of mouse GC-1 spg cells, and autophagy might play a cytotoxic role in ZnO NPs-induced apoptosis.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Application of Autophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 8, 2020   
    Autophagy may be a therapeutic target for many cardiovascular diseases. In this chapter, we will summarize autophagy activators and inhibitors as potential drugs for cardiovascular diseases.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Autophagy and Tumour Stem Cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 8, 2020   
    The combination of autophagy inhibitors with specific drugs targeting specific CSC subpopulations is expected to act specifically on CSCs and produce fewer toxic side effects on normal tissues. This in-depth study is very timely and important for further identifying the potential role of autophagy in different states of CSCs and places a particular emphasis on exploring molecular mechanisms in the regulation of autophagy via advanced techniques based on molecular biology.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Autophagy and Viral Infection. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 8, 2020   
    The virus has also evolved autophagy, which evades, antagonizes and utilizes autophagy, and regulates autophagy pathways, affects autophagy maturation, changes autophagy small body environment or changes the body's immune response type to promote or inhibit autophagy. This chapter introduces the possible mechanisms of autophagy during pathogen infection such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis virus, in order to provide new methods for the prevention and treatment of viral infection.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Recycling endosomal CD133 functions as an inhibitor of autophagy at the pericentrosomal region. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 5, 2020   
    Furthermore, pericentrosomal CD133 suppresses cell differentiation, such as primary cilium formation and neurite outgrowth, by inhibiting autophagy. Thus, the present results provide evidence to suggest that pericentrosomal CD133 has the unique property of maintaining the undifferentiated status of cells by inhibiting autophagy.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein Is a Lipogenic Factor that Triggers Food Intake and Obesity. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 5, 2020   
    ACBP neutralization enhanced autophagy, stimulated fatty acid oxidation, inhibited appetite, reduced weight gain in the context of a high-fat diet or leptin deficiency, and accelerated weight loss in response to dietary changes. In conclusion, neutralization of ACBP might constitute a strategy for treating obesity and its co-morbidities.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Terminalia bellirica extract induces anticancer activity through modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in oral squamous cell carcinoma. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 5, 2020   
    Pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy, namely, 3-methyladenine and chloroquine, were observed to regulate the stage-specific progression of autophagy post treatment with the TB extract, favouring subsequent activation of apoptosis. These findings revealed presence of gallic acid in TB extract below NOAEL value causes oxidative upset in oral cancer cells and promote programmed cell death which has a potential therapeutic value against oral squamous cell carcinoma.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  T-2 toxin-induced DRP-1-dependent mitophagy leads to the apoptosis of mice Leydig cells (TM3). (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 5, 2020   
    In summary, mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction are essential mechanisms of the toxicity induced by T-2 toxin. Thus, our findings provide a rationale for further studies on selectively targeting mitophagy to improve mitochondrial dysfunction and to protect cells from T-2 toxin-induced toxicity.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Autophagy Attenuation Hampers Progesterone Synthesis during the Development of Pregnant Corpus Luteum. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 5, 2020   
    Taken together, the present study indicated that autophagy-related proteins were induced by the inactivation of Akt/mTOR signaling and then contributed to the progesterone production possibly by affecting the formation of intracellular lipid droplets during the luteal development of pregnant rats. To our knowledge, this will provide a new insight into the important mechanism of autophagy regulating progesterone production in ovaries of pregnant mammals.
  • ||||||||||  ZSTK474 / Zenyaku Kogyo
    Journal, IO Biomarker:  Germacrone protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury by inhibiting autophagy processes in PC12 cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 5, 2020   
    To our knowledge, this will provide a new insight into the important mechanism of autophagy regulating progesterone production in ovaries of pregnant mammals. The above results indicated that germacrone could inhibit the autophagy effect in OGD/R injury model of PC12 cells, the mechanism of inhibition was regulated by PI3K III/Beclin-1/Bcl-2 and PI3K I/Akt/mTOR pathways, thereby improving the cell viability of PC12 cells and playing a neuroprotective role, which provided a new drug for the treatment of OGD/R.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Up- or Downregulation of Melanin Synthesis Using Amino Acids, Peptides, and Their Analogs. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 5, 2020   
    For many other compounds, additional studies are required to verify their efficacy and safety in vivo and in clinical trials. The accumulating information regarding pro- and antimelanogenic activity of peptides and related compounds will lead to the development of novel drugs for the treatment of skin pigmentary disorders.