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- | ivermectin / Generic mfg.
Journal: Ivermectin induces autophagy-mediated cell death through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in glioma cells. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 25, 2020
Mechanistically, IVM induced autophagy through AKT/mTOR signaling and induced energy impairment. Our findings show that IVM is a promising anticancer agent and may be a potential effective treatment for glioma cancers.
- | Journal: Alleviation by Mahuang Fuzi and Shenzhuo Decoction in High Glucose-Induced Podocyte Injury by Inhibiting the Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway, Resulting in Activation of Podocyte Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 25, 2020
MFSD treatment can inhibit the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in podocytes stimulated by high glucose and helpful in reducing the podocyte injury. This protective mechanism can be related to the enhancement of podocyte autophagy by MFSD treatment.
- | Journal: circKMT2D contributes to HO-attenuated osteosarcoma progression via the miR-210/autophagy pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 25, 2020
The use of the autophagy inhibitor partially reversed the miR-210 overexpression-induced promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of the viability and invasive ability of HO-treated MG63 cells. Taken together, these findings indicated that circKMT2D knockdown may contribute to the inhibition of HO-attenuated OS progression via miR-210/autophagy pathway.
- | honokiol (HU-002) / Huons
Journal: Induction of STK11-dependent cytoprotective autophagy in breast cancer cells upon honokiol treatment. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 25, 2020
Tumor-dissociated cells from HNK-CQ treated tumors exhibit abrogated invasion and migration potential. Together, these results implicate that breast cancer cells undergo cytoprotective autophagy to circumvent HNK and a combined treatment with HNK and CQ can be a promising therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
- | Journal: Sanggenon O induced apoptosis of A549 cells is counterbalanced by protective autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 24, 2020
These results indicated that SO has great potential as a promising candidate combined with autophagy inhibitor for the treatment of NSCLC. In conclusion, our results identified a novel mechanism by which SO exerts potent anticancer activity.
- [VIRTUAL] NOVEL STRATEGIES TO TARGET MITOCHONDRIA IN BILE DUCT CANCERS () - Sep 24, 2020 - Abstract #ILCA2020ILCA_205;
Implication of the novel MiPa in drug resistance and sensitivity to classical therapeutic treatment has been assessed. Two compounds were identified to target the novel MiPa.
- | Journal: Endosome/lysosome-detained supramolecular nanogels as an efflux retarder and autophagy inhibitor for repeated photodynamic therapy of multidrug-resistant cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 24, 2020
Moreover, the lysosomes of the nanogel-treated cells are severely damaged after irradiation, which inhibits the protective autophagy and improves the photodynamic therapeutic performance of the nanogels. Besides, the in vivo experiments show that the nanogels significantly prolong the tumor retention of the PSs, thus enabling multiple PDT treatments after a single drug injection.
- | Journal: The vicious cycle between ferritinophagy and ROS production triggered EMT inhibition of gastric cancer cells was through p53/AKT/mTor pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 24, 2020
In addition to upregulation of p53, its down-stream targets, AKT/mTor were also downregulated, supporting that DpdtC induced EMT inhibition was achieved through ferritinophagy-ROS vicious cycle mediated p53/AKT/mTor pathway. And the activation of ferritinophagic flux was the dominant driving force in action of DpdtC in gastric cancer cells.
- | Journal: Histone lysine demethylase 3B (KDM3B) regulates the propagation of autophagy via transcriptional activation of autophagy-related genes. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 24, 2020
Furthermore, we observed that the depletion of KDM3B inhibited the autophagic flux in HCT116 cells. Collectively, these data suggested the critical role of KDM3B in the regulation of autophagy-related genes via H3K9me2 demethylation and induction of autophagy in nutrient-starved HCT116 cells.
- | Journal: MiR-135-5p-p62 Axis Regulates Autophagic Flux, Tumorigenic Potential, and Cellular Interactions Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles During Allergic Inflammation. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 23, 2020
Extracellular vesicles isolated from PSA-activated BALB/C mouse enhanced invasion and migration potential of B16F1 cells, and induced features of allergic inflammation in RBL2H3 cells. Thus, miR-135-5p-p62 axis might serve as a target for developing anti-allergy drugs.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: MeCP2 inhibits cell functionality through FoxO3a and autophagy in endothelial progenitor cells. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 23, 2020
Thus, miR-135-5p-p62 axis might serve as a target for developing anti-allergy drugs. MeCP2 attenuated cell functionality via DNA hypermethylation and histone modification of the FoxO3a promoter to inhibit FoxO3a transcription and autophagy.
- | Journal: RPN2 promotes metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell and inhibits autophagy via STAT3 and NF-κB pathways. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 23, 2020
It can be concluded that over-expression of RPN2 in HCC aggravated the malignant progression into cancerous cells. This research provided new evidences that RPN2 could facilitate tumor invasion by increasing the expression of MMP-9 in HCC cells.
- | Journal: Sinensetin induces apoptosis and autophagy in the treatment of human T-cell lymphoma. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 21, 2020
In summary, our results revealed that sinensetin induced apoptosis and autophagy in human T-cell lymphoma Jurkat cells by activating reactive oxygen species/ c-Jun N-terminal kinase and blocking the Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Thus, sinensetin might be a potential candidate in the development of antitumor drugs targeting T-cell leukemia.
- | Journal: Cross-disease analysis of Alzheimer's disease and type-2 Diabetes highlights the role of autophagy in the pathophysiology of two highly comorbid diseases. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 21, 2020
Among modulated genes, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B, Autophagy Related 16-Like 2, and insulin were highlighted. In conclusion, the present investigation revealed autophagy as the central dys-regulated pathway in highly co-morbid diseases such as AD and T2DM allowing the identification of specific genes potentially involved in disease pathophysiology which could become novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
- | Journal, IO Biomarker: Rapid Downregulation of DAB2 by Toll-Like Receptor Activation Contributes to a Pro-Inflammatory Switch in Activated Dendritic Cells. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 21, 2020
Furthermore, Dab2 knockout in DCs inhibited autophagy and promoted apoptotic cell death. Collectively, our results highlight the immunoregulatory role for DAB2 in the intestinal dendritic cells and suggest that DAB2 downregulation after microbial exposure promotes their switch to an inflammatory phenotype.
- | trifluoperazine / Generic mfg.
Journal, IO Biomarker: Trifluoperazine as an alternative strategy for the inhibition of tumor growth of colorectal cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 21, 2020
The results showed that the administration of TFP remarkably abrogated the tumor growth with decreased tumor volume and proliferation index Ki-67 level in tumor tissues. The EMT phenotype was also confirmed to be inhibited by TFP in vivo, suggesting the promising antitumor effects of TFP in CRC.
- | Journal: Ginkgetin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced autophagy and cell death via modulation of the NF-κB/p53 signaling pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 21, 2020
Furthermore, the concentrations of Bax and p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis were significantly decreased with that of Bcl-2 being significantly increased by administration of SN50, PFT-α and ginkgetin. Conclusion : Ginkgetin can alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced autophagy and apoptosis by inhibiting the NF-κB/p53 signaling pathway.
- | Journal: Lipopolysaccharide Downregulates the Osteo-/Odontogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells From Apical Papilla by Inducing Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 21, 2020
Our findings indicated that autophagy was involved in the suppression of SCAP osteo-/odontogenic differentiation in an LPS-induced inflammatory environment. This study discloses autophagy modulation as a potential new strategy to improve SCAP osteo-/odontogenic differentiation in an inflammatory environment.
- | Journal: Structural basis for autophagy inhibition by the human Rubicon-Rab7 complex. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 20, 2020
Rubicon residues at the dimer interface are required for Rubicon and Rab7 to colocalize in living cells. Mutation of Rubicon RH residues in the Rab7-binding site restores efficient autophagic flux in the presence of overexpressed Rubicon, validating the Rubicon RH domain as a promising therapeutic target.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: A tRNA-derived fragment (tRF-3001b) aggravates the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 20, 2020
Mutation of Rubicon RH residues in the Rab7-binding site restores efficient autophagic flux in the presence of overexpressed Rubicon, validating the Rubicon RH domain as a promising therapeutic target. tRF-3001b may aggravate the development of NAFLD by inhibiting autophagy via targeting Prkaa1.
- | Review, Journal: Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating autophagy and ischemic heart disease (Pubmed Central) - Sep 20, 2020
The pharmacological mechanism of Chinese medicinein regulating autophagy to protect cardiomyocytes was reviewed through different ways(promoting or inhibiting autophagy) from three levels, i.e. active ingredient, as well as drug pair and compound. The specific mechanism of Chinese medicine in regulating autophagy to protect ischemic heart disease was explored to provide references or new ideas for clinical treatment and drug development of ischemic heart disease.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal, IO Biomarker: Alantolactone inhibits cell autophagy and promotes apoptosis via AP2M1 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 20, 2020
Moreover, the autophagy activator rapamycin, attenuated the pro-apoptotic effects of ALT on BV173 and NALM6 cell lines...Knockdown of Beclin1 increased the levels of bax, cleaved caspase 3 and cytochrome C, and decreased bcl-2 expression. The present study demonstrated that ALT exerts anti-tumor activity through inducing apoptosis and inhibiting autophagy by upregulating AP2M1 in ALL, highlighting a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of ALL.
- | Journal: WW and C2 domain-containing protein-3 promoted EBSS-induced apoptosis through inhibiting autophagy in non-small cell lung cancer cells. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 20, 2020
Moreover, the inhibition of WWC3 gene knockout was weakened by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor. These results indicate that WWC3 promotes apoptosis and death of starved lung cancer cells, at least partly through autophagy.
- | Journal: TGFβ signaling-induced miRNA participates in autophagic regulation by targeting PRAS40 in mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 20, 2020
In addition, over expression of novel_miR56 also promoted tumor growth and inhibited autophagy in vivo, which is associated with worse prognosis (P < 0.05). In summary, we provide novel insight into TGFβ signaling-mediated pathogenesis in mesGBM and TGFβ signaling-induced novel_miR56 may be a novel target for mesGBM management.
- | Journal: Dynamic modulation of autophagy: implications for aging and cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 20, 2020
Reduced autophagy has been implicated in aging, yet whether its loss can promote aging phenotypes and pathologies in mammals, and how reversible this process is, has never been fully explored. Using inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA) mouse models, we have recently shown that autophagy inhibition accelerates aging, and that even a temporary block in autophagy can create irreversible damage that increases a cancer risk.
- | Journal: Palmitic acid reduces the autophagic flux in hypothalamic neurons by impairing autophagosome-lysosome fusion and endolysosomal dynamics. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 20, 2020
Altogether, these results unveil the cellular process by which PA exposure impairs the autophagic flux. As impaired autophagy in hypothalamic neurons promotes obesity, and balanced autophagy is required to inhibit malignant transformation, this could affect tumor initiation, progression, and/or response to therapy of obesity-related cancers.
- || chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
Review, Journal: Chloroquine against malaria, cancers and viral diseases. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 19, 2020
Here, we review the underlying mechanisms behind the antimalarial, anticancer and antiviral effects of CQ. We also discuss the clinical evidence for the use of CQ and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) against COVID-19.
- | Journal: Docosahexaenoic acid enhances M2 macrophage polarization via the p38 signaling pathway and autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 19, 2020
Expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II, which is involved in autophagosome formation, was enhanced in DHA-treated U937 cells. Taken together, these results indicated that DHA enhanced the expression of M2 macrophage markers through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and autophagy, suggesting that DHA regulates M2 macrophage polarization and plays an important role in innate immunity.
- | Journal: COX7A1 suppresses the viability of human non-small cell lung cancer cells via regulating autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 19, 2020
Herein, we identified that COX7A1 holds a key position in regulating the development and progression of lung cancer by affecting autophagy. Although the crosstalk among COX7A1, PGC-1α and NOX2 needs further investigation, our study provides a novel insight into the therapeutic action of COX7A1 against human non-small cell lung cancer.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Circumventing autophagy inhibition. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 19, 2020
This review highlights recent publications regarding the role of autophagy in cancer and potential mechanisms cancer cells may be able to commandeer to circumvent autophagy inhibition. We hope to make significant clinical advances by understanding if and when cancer cells will become resistant to autophagy inhibition, and pre-clinical studies may be able to provide insight into the best combinatorial therapies to prevent tumor relapse while on autophagy inhibitors.
- | hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg., Ibrance (palbociclib) / Pfizer
Journal: Use of ratiometrically designed nanocarrier targeting CDK4/6 and autophagy pathways for effective pancreatic cancer treatment. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 18, 2020
Immunohistochemistry reveals that PAL/HCQ co-delivery nanoparticles trigger anti-apoptotic pathway after repetitive intravenous administrations in mice. When combined with a Bcl inhibitor, the performance of co-delivery nanoparticles is further improved, leading to a long-lasting anti-PDAC effect in vivo.
- | cisplatin / Generic mfg.
Journal: Amino Acids Regulate Cisplatin Insensitivity in Neuroblastoma. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 18, 2020
Our results demonstrate that combining HCQ with CDDP abrogated the amino acid metabolism in cisplatin-insensitive cells and sensitized neuroblastoma cells to sub-lethal doses of cisplatin. Our results suggest that targeting of amino acid replenishing mechanisms could be considered as a potential approach in developing combination therapies for treating neuroblastomas.
- | Journal: Taurine suppresses ROS-dependent autophagy via activating Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in calcium oxalate crystals-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 18, 2020
Taurine treatment also effectively activated Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in CaOx crystals-induced HK-2 cells both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, the current study shows that taurine inhibits ROS-dependent autophagy via activating Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in CaOx crystals-induced HK-2 cell and kidney injury, suggesting that taurine may serve as an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of CaOx nephrolithiasis.
- chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
[VIRTUAL] Autophagy-mitophagy Induction Improves Cardiovascular Inflammation in a Murine Model of Kawasaki Disease Vasculitis (OnDemand) - Sep 17, 2020 - Abstract #AHA2020AHA_682;
Altogether, our data suggest that impaired autophagy/mitophagy exacerbates KD and supports a role for mtDNA damage in the disease. These findings enhance our understanding of KD pathogenesis and may provide novel therapeutic targets.
- | Journal: LncRNA MEG3 contributes to adenosine-induced cytotoxicity in hepatoma HepG2 cells by downregulated ILF3 and autophagy inhibition via regulation PI3K-AKT-mTOR and beclin-1 signaling pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 17, 2020
The present study demonstrates autophagy inhibition is involved in the adenosine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, the cytotoxicity can be synergized by OE MEG3 via downregulated ILF3 to activate PI3K/Akt/mTOR and inactivate the beclin-1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, MEG3 and inhibition of autophagy might be potential targets for augmenting adenosine-induced cytotoxicity in hepatoma.
- | Journal: Crystal Structure of African Swine Fever Virus A179L with the Autophagy Regulator Beclin. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 16, 2020
The introduction of bulky hydrophobic residues into the A179L ligand-binding groove via site-directed mutagenesis ablates binding of Beclin to A179L, leading to a loss of the ability of A179L to modulate autophagosome formation in Vero cells during starvation. Our findings provide a mechanistic understanding for the potent autophagy inhibitory activity of A179L and serve as a platform for more detailed investigations into the role of autophagy during ASFV infection.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Conditioned medium obtained from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells attenuates focal cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury in rats by targeting mTOR pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 16, 2020
There were no significant differences in the expression of total mTOR among the experimental groups. In summary, our results demonstrate that hAMSC-CM gives rise to neuroprotection following ischemic stroke by restoring mTOR activity and inhibiting autophagy.
- | Journal: NIMA-related kinase 9-mediated phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated LC3B protein at Thr-50 suppresses selective autophagy of p62/sequestosome 1. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 16, 2020
PKCζ knockdown did not affect autophagic p62 degradation, whereas STK3/4 knockouts stimulated autophagic p62 degradation independently of LC3B Thr-50 phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that NEK9 suppresses LC3B-mediated autophagy of p62 by phosphorylating Thr-50 within the LDS of LC3B.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Inhibition of autophagy enhances timosaponin AIII-induced lung cancer cell apoptosis and anti-tumor effect in vitro and in vivo. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 16, 2020
The MAPK/Erk1/2 signaling pathway was identified to be responsible for TAIII-induced apoptosis at the high concentration (20 μM). TAIII-induced autophagy protected cancer cells from apoptosis, and combination of TAIII and autophagy inhibitor showed higher anti-cancer activity.
- | Journal: Autophagy mediates bronchial cell malignant transformation induced by chronic arsenic exposure via MEK/ERK1/2 pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 16, 2020
Both autophagy inhibitor and genetic deletion of autophagy core gene Beclin-1 produced similar effects. These results may suggest the important role of autophagy in sodium arsenite-induced lung tumorigenesis which may serve as a potential target in prevention and treatment of arsenic-imposed lung cancer.
- | Ameile (almonertinib) / Jiangsu Hansoh Pharma, EQRx
Journal, PARP Biomarker: EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor HS-10296 induces autophagy and apoptosis in triplenegative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells (Pubmed Central) - Sep 16, 2020
These results may suggest the important role of autophagy in sodium arsenite-induced lung tumorigenesis which may serve as a potential target in prevention and treatment of arsenic-imposed lung cancer. HS-10296 can inhibit the proliferation and induce autophagy and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells by inhibiting the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
- | Journal: Poly C Binding Protein 1 Regulates p62/SQSTM1 mRNA Stability and Autophagic Degradation to Repress Tumor Progression. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 16, 2020
Importantly, clinical ovary cancer sample analysis consistently validates the relevance of PCBP1 expression to both p62/SQSTM1 and caspase-8 to overall survival, and indicates PCBP1 may be a master player to repress tumor initiation. Taken together, our results uncover the tumorigenic mechanism of PCBP1 depletion and suggest that inhibition of tumor cell autophagy with autophagic inhibitors could be an effective therapeutical strategy for PCBP1-deficient tumor.
- | propranolol / Generic mfg.
Journal: Propranolol induced apoptosis and autophagy via the ROS/JNK signaling pathway in Human Ovarian Cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 16, 2020
ROS exclusive inhibitor antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) weakens the phosphorylation of JNK proteins induced by Propranolol. In summary, these results suggested that Propranolol induced cell apoptosis and protective autophagy through the ROS/JNK signaling pathway in human ovarian cancer cells.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Preclinical, Journal, IO Biomarker: Nicotinate-curcumin ameliorates cognitive impairment in diabetic rats by rescuing autophagic flux in CA1 hippocampus. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 13, 2020
In summary, these results suggested that Propranolol induced cell apoptosis and protective autophagy through the ROS/JNK signaling pathway in human ovarian cancer cells. These results indicate that NC ameliorates DM-induced cognitive function impairment via restoring autophagic flux might by inhibiting mTOR/p70S6k activation in the CA1 region, and NC may be a promising agent for diabetic cognitive dysfunction prevention and treatment.
- | Journal: Suppression of cardiac autophagy by hyperinsulinemia in insulin receptors deficient hearts is mediated by insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 13, 2020
Innovation and This study unveils a new mechanism by which insulin receptors deficient hearts can still respond to insulin to suppress autophagy in part through activation of IGF-1R signaling. This is a highly significant observation because it is the first to show that systemic hyperinsulinemia can suppress autophagy in IR deficient hearts through IGF-1R signaling.
- | Journal: Atg7 silencing inhibits laminin-5 expression to suppress tube formation by brain endothelial cells. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 13, 2020
Exogenous laminin-5 or the NF-?B agonist betulinic acid effectively rescued tube formation by Atg7-deficient HBMECs. Taken together, our study identified a novel mechanism by which Atg7 regulates laminin-5 expression via NF-?B to modulate tube formation by brain endothelial cells during cerebral angiogenesis.
- | Journal: SIRT1-targeted miR-543 autophagy inhibition and epithelial-mesenchymal transition promotion in Helicobacter pylori CagA-associated gastric cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 13, 2020
This may be followed by increased expression of EMT causing cell migration and invasion. Consequently, miR-543 might be considered a therapeutic target for H. pylori-associated gastric cancer.
- || chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., Erivedge (vismodegib) / Roche
Clinical, Journal: Regulating autophagy facilitated therapeutic efficacy of the sonic Hedgehog pathway inhibition on lung adenocarcinoma through GLI2 suppression and ROS production. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 13, 2020
Meanwhile, administration of the pharmaceutical inhibitor of autophagy, chloroquine, contributed to the enhanced anti-LUAD efficacy of vismodegib in vivo, probably through overproduction of ROS, acceleration of apoptosis, and suppression of GLI2 in LUAD tissues. In summary, our research revealed that downregulating autophagy facilitated the anti-LUAD efficacy of the Shh pathway suppression, thus highlighting a potential approach for LUAD therapy via simultaneously targeting the Shh signaling and autophagy pathway.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Uremic toxins promote accumulation of oxidized protein and increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide in endothelial cells by impairing the autophagic flux. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 13, 2020
Collectively, our findings demonstrate that accumulation of oxidized proteins and enhanced cell sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide are consequences of impaired autophagic flux. These data provide evidence that UTs-induced impaired autophagy may be a novel contributor to endothelial dysfunction.
- || 9-ING-41 / Actuate Therap
Clinical, Journal, Combination therapy: Clinically relevant GSK‑3β inhibitor 9‑ING‑41 is active as a single agent and in combination with other antitumor therapies in human renal cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Sep 13, 2020
Treatment with 9‑ING‑41 potentiated the antitumor effects of targeted therapeutics and increased the cytotoxic effects of cytokine‑activated immune cells on renal cancer cell lines. These results provided a compelling rationale for the inclusion of patients with renal cancer in studies of 9‑ING‑41, both as a single agent and in combination with current standard therapies.