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  • ||||||||||  Previfenon (epigallocatechin gallate) / MELISA Institute
    Preclinical, Journal:  Green Tea Polyphenol Catechins Inhibit Coronavirus Replication and Potentiate the Adaptive Immunity and Autophagy-Dependent Protective Mechanism to Improve Acute Lung Injury in Mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 4, 2021   
    We found that catechins containing 32.8% epigallocatechin gallate, 15.2% epicatechin gallate, 13.2 epicatechin, 10.8% epigallocatechin, 10.4% gallocatechin, and 4.4% catechin directly inhibited SARS-CoV replication at sub-micromolecular concentrations...Pretreatment of autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine reversed the inhibiting effects of catechins on the cytokines and oxidative stress levels and ALI. In conclusion, our data indicated that catechins directly inhibited SARS-CoV replication, potentiated the CD25/CD69/CD94/CD8 T lymphocytes-mediated adaptive immunity and attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI and cytokine storm by PI3K/AKT/mTOR-signaling-mediated autophagy, which may be applied to prevent and/or treat SARS-CoV infection.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  Galangin Improved Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice by Promoting Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 4, 2021   
    At the cellular level, galangin reduced lipid accumulation and enhanced the level of hepatocyte autophagy. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that galangin cannot only improve pre-existing hepatic steatosis but also prevent the development of stenosis by promoting hepatocyte autophagy.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Characterizing Autophagy in the Cold Ischemic Injury of Small Bowel Grafts: Evidence from Rat Jejunum. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 4, 2021   
    Subsequently, we determined the differences in apoptosis and preservation injury after activating autophagy with rapamycin or inhibiting it with 3-methyladenine...These findings demonstrate intestinal autophagy changes in cold preservation. Furthermore, enhanced autophagy was protective against cold ischemia-reperfusion damage of the small bowels.
  • ||||||||||  niclosamide / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Repurposing Niclosamide for Targeting Pancreatic Cancer by Inhibiting Hh/Gli Non-Canonical Axis of Gsk3β. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 4, 2021   
    These results suggested the involvement of a non-canonical mechanism of Hh signaling, where p-Gsk3β acts as a negative regulator of Hh/Gli1 cascade and a positive regulator of autophagy-mediated cell death. Overall, this study established the therapeutic efficacy of Nic for PC by targeting p-Gsk3β mediated non-canonical Hh signaling and promoting mTORC1-dependent autophagy and cell death.
  • ||||||||||  Journal, PARP Biomarker:  Photothermal Killing of A549 Cells and Autophagy Induction by Bismuth Selenide Particles. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 4, 2021   
    Meanwhile, stress-related signaling pathways, including p38 and stress activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), were activated, coupled with the attenuated PI3K/Akt signaling. Our study finds that autophagy and the activation of stress-related signaling pathways are involved in the photothermal killing of cancerous cells by BiSe, which provides a more understanding of photothermal materials.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Autophagy inhibition enhances the inhibitory effects of ursolic acid on lung cancer cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 2, 2021   
    Moreover, the inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine (CQ) or siRNA for autophagy‑related gene 5 (ATG5) enhanced the UA‑induced inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis, indicating that UA‑induced autophagy is a pro‑survival mechanism in NSCLC cells. On the whole, these findings suggest that combination treatment with autophagy inhibitors may be a novel strategy with which enhance the antitumor activity of UA in lung cancer.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Fangchinoline exerts anticancer effects on colorectal cancer by inducing autophagy via regulation AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 2, 2021   
    Meanwhile, combination with the early-stage autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) but not the late-stage autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) further increased Fan-induced cell death, which suggested the cytoprotective function of autophagy induced by Fan in both HT29 and HCT116 cells...Furthermore, in the HT29 xenograft model, Fan inhibited tumor growth in vivo. These results indicate that Fan inhibited CRC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo and revealed a new molecular mechanism involved in the anticancer effect of Fan on CRC, suggesting that Fan is a potent autophagy inducer and might be a promising anticancer agent.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  The cross talk of two family members of β-TrCP in the regulation of cell autophagy and growth. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 1, 2021   
    Finally, we found that β-TrCP2, not β-TrCP1, preferentially degrades DEPTOR and REDD1, the inhibitors of mTORC1, to activate mTORC1, leading to autophagy inhibition and cell growth. Thus, our study demonstrates that β-TrCP1 and β-TrCP2 mutually target each other for degradation and that β-TrCP2 acts as a dominant paralog in the regulation of cell autophagy and growth, which might be a promising anticancer target.
  • ||||||||||  Clinical, Journal:  Calpastatin prevents Angiotensin II-mediated podocyte injury through maintenance of autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 30, 2021   
    These findings uncover an original mechanism whereby angiotensin II-mediated hypertension inhibits autophagy via calcium-induced recruitment of calpain with pathogenic consequences in case of imbalance by calpastatin activity. Thus, preventing a calpain-mediated decrease in autophagy may be a promising new therapeutic strategy for nephropathies associated with high renin- angiotensin system activity.
  • ||||||||||  doxycycline / Generic mfg.
    Biomarker, Preclinical, Journal:  Autophagy Promotes Cigarette Smoke-Initiated and Elastin-Driven Bronchitis-Like Airway Inflammation in Mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 30, 2021   
    Short CS exposure rapidly induced expression of matrix metallopeptidase 12 (MMP12) in alveolar macrophages, and treatment of doxycycline, a pan metalloproteinase inhibitor, during CS exposure effectively attenuated the ensuing elastin-induced airway inflammation in mice...These data, taken together, demonstrate that autophagy mediates both the CS-initiated MMP12 activation in macrophages and subsequent airway epithelial injury, eventually contributing to development COPD-like airway inflammation. This study reemphasizes that inhibition of autophagy as a novel therapeutic strategy for CS-induced COPD.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Bach2 regulates autophagy to modulate UVA-induced photoaging in skin fibroblasts. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 30, 2021   
    Taken together, these findings revealed a critical role for Bach2 in suppressing the UVA irradiation-induced cell senescence via autophagy in skin fibroblasts. Bach2 can therefore be a potential target for the therapy of UV-induced photoaging because of its ability to regulate the process of autophagy in the skin.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Hypoxia inhibits RANKL-induced ferritinophagy and protects osteoclasts from ferroptosis. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 30, 2021   
    In vivo study, we indicated that HIF-1α specific inhibitor 2ME2 prevent OVX bone loss. In conclusion, our study comprehensively investigated the role of ferroptosis in osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo, and innovatively suggested that targeting HIF-1α and ferritin thus inducing ferroptosis in osteoclasts could be an alternative in treatment of osteoporosis.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Journal, IO biomarker:  Timosaponin BII improved osteoporosis caused by hyperglycemia through promoting autophagy of osteoblasts via suppressing the mTOR/NFκB signaling pathway. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 30, 2021   
    The antiapoptotic and antioxidative effect of timosaponin BII were repressed by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and enhanced by the autophagy inducer rapamycin...The in vivo results showed that oral administration of timosaponin BII downregulated the phosphorylation of mTOR and NFκB and upregulated Beclin1 expression in the proximal tibias of diabetic rats. These results suggested that timosaponin BII attenuated high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through activating autophagy by inhibiting mTOR/NFκB signalling in osteoblasts.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  Knockdown of Atg7 suppresses Tumorigenesis in a murine model of liver cancer. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 29, 2021   
    Our data indicate that knockdown of Atg7 led to a significant decrease in tumorigenesis in a murine HCC model induced by activated RAS. Inhibition of autophagosome formation is expected to be a therapeutic option for liver cancer.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  A Key Pathway to Cancer Resilience: The Role of Autophagy in Glioblastomas. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 29, 2021   
    Instead, pre-clinical and clinical data indicate that autophagy is an emblematic example of the 'dark-side' of a rescue pathway that contributes profoundly to a pro-tumoral adaptive response. From a standpoint of treating the real human disease, only combinatorial therapy targeting autophagy with cytotoxic drugs in the adjuvant setting for GBM patients, associated with the development of less toxic and more specific autophagy inhibitors, may inhibit adaptive response and enhance the sensibility of glioma cells to conventional therapies.
  • ||||||||||  Clinical, Journal:  Autophagy is required for proper cysteine homeostasis in pancreatic cancer through regulation of SLC7A11. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 26, 2021   
    Mechanistically, autophagy impairment results in the loss of SLC7A11 on the plasma membrane and increases its localization at the lysosome in an mTORC2-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate a critical link between autophagy and cysteine metabolism and provide mechanistic insights into how targeting autophagy can cause metabolic dysregulation in PDAC.
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg., cisplatin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Directed evolution of cyclic peptides for inhibition of autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 25, 2021   
    In mouse models of metastatic ovarian cancer, treatment with LC3-binding SUPR peptides and carboplatin resulted in almost complete inhibition of tumor growth after four weeks of treatment. These results indicate that SUPR peptide mRNA display can be used to develop cell-penetrating macrocyclic peptides that target and disrupt the autophagic machinery in vitro and in vivo.