Capsid assembly mod 
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  • ||||||||||  Differential roles of HBc depending on its translation from spliced or unspliced HBV RNA (Poster Area - Hall 7) -  Mar 18, 2026 - Abstract #EASL2026EASL_1759;    
    HBV sp1RNA invalidation revealed that: 1) pgRNA is preferentially encapsidated compared with sp1RNA which is mainly translated into HBc-Cys in mice; 2) viral egress is mainly driven by HBcwt; 3) liver zonation is involved in HBc isoforms expression. 1.3Chung et al (J.Hepatol 2024, 2025); 2Bablon et al (J.Hepatol 2025)
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal, IO biomarker:  Direct Viral Mechanisms Underlying the Onset of HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Implications for Therapeutic Strategies. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 7, 2026   
    These approaches are showing promising data in terms of an HBV functional cure, thus representing novel strategies that could be beneficial for reducing the burden of HBV-related HCC. Lastly, further efforts in drug development are necessary to identify new compounds that could achieve a sterilizing HBV cure, implying the complete elimination of cccDNA and integrated HBV DNA, the only end-point that completely eradicates HBV and its related oncogenic risk.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Cryogenic electron tomography reveals herpesvirus capsid assembly intermediates inside the cell nucleus. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 26, 2026   
    Focused classification of pentonal vertex densities reveal differences in CVSC occupancy between genome-filled capsids and capsids lacking dsDNA, highlight structural heterogeneity and providing insight into distinct capsid assembly stages in situ. These intra-nuclear findings redefine the maturation model of herpesvirus capsid assembly, advancing the understanding of herpesvirus replication, and demonstrate the effectiveness of in situ electron imaging by studying virus assembly within host cells.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Unraveling the maturation pathway of a eukaryotic virus through cryo-EM. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 25, 2026   
    The structures of the intermediate particles reveal unique, quaternary position-dependent trajectories and refolding of subunit N and C-terminal regions, including the formation of the autocatalytic cleavage site at N570. The detailed structures reported here, coupled with previously determined structures of the procapsids and mature particles, allow the maturation pathway to be described in detail for a eukaryotic virus.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Combination therapies for chronic hepatitis B in the era of emerging novel drugs. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 20, 2026   
    Combination therapies involving novel drugs hold promise for improving CHB outcomes, particularly in achieving a functional cure. Further research is required to optimize personalized regimens and to assess their long-term safety and efficacy for broader clinical use.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Coronavirus genome packaging and nucleocapsid assembly. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 17, 2026   
    Current understanding of these areas has benefited immensely from advances made by recent studies, most of which were performed in response to the emergence of the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Throughout this review, emphasis is placed on the counterintuitive distinction between coronavirus selective gRNA packaging and nucleocapsid assembly.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Mechanistic insights into CAM-induced disruption of HBV capsids revealed by all-atom MD simulations. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 13, 2026   
    The tensegrity relationship between the four quasi-equivalent interfaces couples them into a global network for strain redistribution that is functionally allosteric, with CAM binding sites displaying signs of both positive and negative cooperativity. These new insights into HBV capsid dynamics clarify how CAMs alter them on the microsecond timescale and suggest that targeting strain redistribution in mature core particles could be leveraged therapeutically.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Formation and role of the portal of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage 80?. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 12, 2026   
    We show that portals assembled at lower temperature form unclosed rings that may represent portal assembly intermediates. By analyzing portal protein deletion mutants, we demonstrate the involvement of the different functional domains in phage assembly and protein incorporation.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Cryo-EM structures of HBV capsids from human cells at near-atomic resolution. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 6, 2026   
    Reduced phosphorylation and increased RNA content further modulate capsid conformation and pocket openness. These findings highlight the dynamic regulation of HBV capsid structure and provide a framework for understanding how capsid conformational dynamics contribute to viral assembly and envelopment.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Bacteria-herpesvirus interaction reveals a proviral role of ISGylation in promoting herpesvirus capsid assembly. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 6, 2026   
    Extending this mechanism to representative herpesviruses, we showed that ISGylation of major capsid proteins is broadly required for efficient lytic replication. Together, these findings uncover a previously unrecognized strategy by which herpesviruses exploit an ISG15 innate immune effector, amplified by microbial co-infection, to promote virion biogenesis and productive infection.
  • ||||||||||  lamivudine HBV / Generic mfg., lamivudine / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Triterpenoids CDDO and CDDO-EA Inhibit the Replication of Hepatitis B Virus by Modulating Nucleocapsid Assembly. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 10, 2026   
    Finally, a synergistic effect was observed between CDDO-EA and lamivudine in reducing intracellular and extracellular HBV DNA levels. Our findings indicate that triterpenoids CDDO and CDDO-EA are new mechanistically type of HBV capsid assembly modulators and warranted for further development as lead compounds against HBV.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Structural insights into scaffold-guided assembly of the Pseudomonas phage D3 capsid. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 29, 2025   
    Following scaffold digestion, the MCP capsid domains form strong interactions that maintain capsid structure throughout maturation. The scaffold constraints appear critical for capsid size determination and provide important understanding of the factors governing capsid assembly in general and expands our understanding of these ecologically and biomedically important viruses.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Local microenvironments of capsomer variants in the PBCV-1. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 10, 2025   
    Moreover, the identified salt bridges between Type V/I capsomers and their surrounding capsomers corroborate the results of electrostatic calculations, further highlighting the important residues involved in these interactions. Understanding these local capsid microenvironments will be essential to elucidate the mechanisms governing viral capsid assembly.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  HBc: the multifunctional architect of HBV replication, immune evasion, and therapeutic innovation. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 3, 2025   
    This review uniquely integrates structural, functional, and clinical perspectives on HBc, providing a comprehensive understanding of its role in HBV biology and its potential as a therapeutic target. By highlighting recent advances in CAMs and the challenges of drug resistance, this work offers valuable insights for researchers and clinicians aiming to develop innovative HBV treatments.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Small Molecule HBV RNA Destabilizing Drugs: Drugs of the Future or Compounds from the Past? (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 30, 2025   
    Yet, with the apparent success of other investigational antivirals in reducing HBsAg levels, such as siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, and in at least one example, capsid assembly modulators (CAMs), questions remain as to whether RNA destabilizers still have a role in managing chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This review describes the current status of PAPD5/7 inhibitor development, evaluates the advantages and limitations of the approach, and considers potential strategies for integrating this class of molecules with other HBV therapies.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  UBE2O, a host ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, is a key regulator of Hepatitis B virus maturation and egress. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 28, 2025   
    Subcellular localization experiments using confocal microscopy and proximity ligation assays (PLA) demonstrated that UBE2O colocalizes with capsids and ubiquitinated cargo in CD63-positive MVB compartments, indicating its involvement in the endosomal secretory pathway. Collectively, this study identifies UBE2O and its catalytic activity as key regulators of the HBV virion secretion pathway, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for HBV treatment.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  HBV p22-interacting protein C1QBP inhibits viral replication through impeding nucleocapsid formation and nuclear import. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 17, 2025   
    Moreover, C1QBP binds to the CTD of HBc on the cytoplasmic deproteinated relaxed circular DNA (DP-rcDNA)-containing capsid that is partially disassembled, hindering DP-rcDNA nuclear import and subsequent covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) formation. Collectively, our study suggests that C1QBP inhibits HBV replication through dual mechanisms, proposing a novel therapeutic approach for managing chronic HBV infection.
  • ||||||||||  ALG-000184 / Aligos Therap
    Capsid Assembly Modulator ALG-001075 Binds and Directly Targets HBeAg (Convention Center: Hall DE 1118-1367 Posters) -  Oct 7, 2025 - Abstract #AASLD2025AASLD_1394;    
    ALG-001075 demonstrated direct binding to HBeAg and pronounced in vitro reductions in secreted HBeAg levels, in line with clinical observations for its prodrug ALG-000184, suggesting direct inhibition of HBeAg as a third mechanism of action for ALG-001075. Although the direct HBeAg effect requires higher compound concentrations than the primary and secondary effects of CAMs, the high pharmacokinetic exposure achieved with prodrug ALG-000184 and relative HBeAg-targeting potency of parent ALG-001075 likely enable the clinical observation of this effect.
  • ||||||||||  CAM-E and CAM-A Compounds Differentially Affect Phosphorylated and Non-Phosphorylated Hepatitis B Core Protein In Vitro (Convention Center: Hall DE 1118-1367 Posters) -  Oct 7, 2025 - Abstract #AASLD2025AASLD_1386;    
    The observed concentration-dependent effects of CAM-A compounds on P-HBcAg levels suggest a nuanced interaction that may involve capturing P-HBcAg in intracellular aggregates at higher concentrations. The lack of direct impact by nucleos(t)ide analogs on HBcAg and P-HBcAg levels is in line with their known mechanism of action and underscores the specificity of CAMs in targeting HBc.
  • ||||||||||  ALG-000184 / Aligos Therap
    Capsid Assembly Modulator ALG-001075 Prevents cccDNA Formation and HBV DNA Integration In Vitro (Convention Center: Hall DE 1118-1367 Posters) -  Oct 7, 2025 - Abstract #AASLD2025AASLD_1307;    
    ALG-000184 is a prodrug of ALG-001075, a novel capsid assembly modulator leading to the formation of empty capsids (CAM-E)...This was not the case for nucleos(t)ide analogs entecavir and tenofovir... ALG-001075 demonstrated potent prevention of HBV cccDNA formation and HBV DNA integration, further confirming its best-in-class properties and superiority over commonly used nucleos(t)ide analogs.
  • ||||||||||  CORE PROTEIN MUTATIONS IN HBSAG/HBV DNA DOUBLE-NEGATIVE OCCULT HEPATITIS B INFECTION AND THEIR BIDIRECTIONAL REGULATION ON VIRAL REPLICATION (Convention Center: Hall DE 1118-1367 Posters) -  Oct 7, 2025 - Abstract #AASLD2025AASLD_1223;    
    These findings suggest that dual oral therapy with SAG-524 and CBT-209 holds promise as a strategy to achieve a functional cure for chronic hepatitis B. A58V+S74N mutation can promote virus transcription and protein expression, while other mutations suppress virus replication to varying degrees.Among them, A11V+L119P and V13M mutations may destroy the capsid assembly interaction between HBsAg and HBcAg, and E64G mutation may be related to X gene regulation.