- |||||||||| Brevenal / Silurian
Journal: Brevetoxin versus Brevenal Modulation of Human Nav1 Channels. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 1, 2023
Our results are consistent with competitive antagonism between brevetoxins and brevenal, setting a basis for future mutational analyses of Nav channels' interaction with brevetoxins and brevenal. Our findings provide valuable insights into the functional modulation of Nav channels by brevetoxins and brevenal, which may have implications for the development of new Nav channel modulators with potential therapeutic applications.
- |||||||||| Brevenal / Silurian
Journal: Application of a Cholesterol-Based Stationary Phase for the Analysis of Brevetoxins. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 15, 2022
A separate protocol was developed for the compounds brevenal and brevenol, also produced by the same algae that make brevetoxins...Brevenal is a natural product under investigation as a therapy for chronic respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or asthma. The goal of this study was to provide a protocol for the analysis of these compounds that could be further developed into a validated method depending on a particular laboratory's capabilities and to highlight some of the unique features of the cholesterol stationary phase.
- |||||||||| Brevenal / Silurian
Review, Journal: Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by Karenia spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms. (Pubmed Central) - Mar 5, 2022
also produce brevenal, brevisamide and metabolites belonging to the hemi-brevetoxin, brevisin, tamulamide, gymnocin, gymnodimine, brevisulcenal and brevisulcatic acid groups...New metabolites have yet to be fully described, especially the groups of metabolites discovered in the last two decades (e.g tamulamides). Lastly, this work clarifies the different nomenclatures used in the literature and should help to harmonize practices in the future.
- |||||||||| niclosamide / Generic mfg.
Journal: Mucus Release and Airway Constriction by TMEM16A May Worsen Pathology in Inflammatory Lung Disease. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 18, 2021
In contrast, niclosamide, an inhibitor of TMEM16A, blocked mucus production and mucus secretion in vivo and in vitro...Activation of TMEM16A in people with inflammatory airway diseases is likely to induce mucus secretion along with airway constriction. In contrast, inhibitors of TMEM16A may suppress pulmonary Th2 inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia, mucus production, and bronchoconstriction, partially by inhibiting expression of SPDEF.
- |||||||||| Brevenal / Silurian
Journal: Profiling of Brevetoxin Metabolites Produced by Karenia brevis 165 Based on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 2, 2021
Brevenal, a toxic BTX metabolite antagonist, was found for the first time in the culture media...There were significant differences in the types and contents of toxic BTX metabolites with varying growth stages. Therefore, when harmful algal blooms occur, the accurate determination of BTX metabolite types and concentrations will be helpful to assess the ecological disaster risk in order to avoid hazards and provide appropriate disaster warnings.
- |||||||||| Brevenal / Silurian
Journal: Unraveling the Karenia selliformis complex with the description of a non-gymnodimine producing Patagonian phylotype. (Pubmed Central) - Mar 25, 2021
However, both CREAN_KS01 and CREAN_KS02 contained two compounds with the same mass transition as brevenal, a brevetoxin related compound...In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for significant genetic and phenotypic variability among worldwide isolates, which points to the existence of a K. selliformis "species complex". The massive fauna mortality during K. selliformis bloom events in the Chilean coast cannot be explained by GYMs nor brevetoxins, but can to a large extent be accounted for by the high production of long-chain PUFAs and/or still uncharacterized highly toxic compounds.
- |||||||||| Brevenal / Silurian
Journal: Endo-selective Epoxide-opening Cascade for Fast Assembly of the Polycyclic Core Structure of Marine Ladder Polyethers. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 17, 2020
Starting from readily accessible homochiral polyepoxy alcohols with a methyl group at all the endo -cyclization sites, we were able to construct polyethers up to five consecutive fused 6-, 7-, and/or 8-membered rings in one step. Notably, molecules with the 7/7/6/6 and 7/7/6/7/6 polyether frameworks of hemibrevetoxin B and brevenal, respectively, could be synthesized in 40% and 17% chemical yields.
- |||||||||| Brevenal / Silurian
Journal: Uptake and localization of fluorescently-labeled Karenia brevis metabolites in non-toxic marine microbial taxa. (Pubmed Central) - Feb 24, 2020
The cellular fate of two additional BODIPY-conjugated K. brevis associated secondary metabolites, brevenal (B-Bn) and brevisin (B-Bs), were examined in all the species tested...This is the first study to observe the uptake of fluorescently-tagged brevetoxin conjugates in non-toxic phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa, demonstrating their potential in investigating whether marine microbes can serve as a significant biological sink for algal toxins. The highly variable uptake of B-PbTx observed among taxa suggests some may play a more significant role than others in vectoring lipophilic toxins in the marine environment.
- |||||||||| Brevenal / Silurian
Journal: Sequential exo-mode oxacyclizations for the synthesis of the CD substructure of brevenal. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 6, 2019
Despite the modest yield and long reaction period for the cycloisomerization step, these studies provide valuable insights into the nature of byproducts generated and the mechanisms by which they form. This work demonstrates a portion of a larger synthetic strategy for constructing the pentacyclic core of brevenal from an acyclic precursor.
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