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- | Preclinical, Journal: In Vitro Evaluation of the Co-Administration of Canine Blood Products and Drugs Used in Critical Illness. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 28, 2025
Co-administration of ketamine, fentanyl, and midazolam with WB resulted in significant hemolysis and is not recommended. It is reasonable to consider co-administering ampicillin, TXA, and ketamine with FDP and FFP.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: What's in the Powder? Evaluating Fentanyl Test Strip Sensitivity to Common Household Items in Chemical Emergency Response Scenarios. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 28, 2025
This work is the first to assess the application of FTS to chemical emergency response situations and threat assessment of unknown powders. Commercially available FTS are cost-effective, user-friendly, provide rapid results, and detect low concentrations of fentanyl even in the presence of other substances.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Biomarker, Journal, Metabolomic study: Novel dose- and time-dependent toxicity biomarkers of fentanyl/carfentanyl: uncovered by urine-plasma metabolomics for forensics. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 28, 2025
Taurine exhibited similar dysregulation, reflecting drug-induced immunosuppression and neuronal excitability abnormalities. These findings provide critical references and experimental support for studies on fentanyl-related hazards, toxicological mechanisms, and forensic detection.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: An antifentanyl monoclonal antibody reverses fentanyl-induced apnea in pigs. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
Here, we show that an anti-fentanyl monoclonal antibody reversed fentanyl-induced apnea in pigs, and caused rapid (<1 minute) redistribution of fentanyl into serum. Fentanyl was 99% bound by monoclonal antibodies and showed no activity at the opioid receptor.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal, IO biomarker: Innate immune mechanisms underlying the efficacy of a next-generation nanoparticle-based vaccine against opioid use disorders. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
While the HLPNP-based fentanyl vaccine showed diminished efficacy relative to the unformulated vaccine in rats, adding R848 to the HLPNP formulation rescued its efficacy. These comprehensive immune profiling advance our understanding of OUD vaccines, providing a rational blueprint for next-generation vaccine design.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Characterizing DPPM inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase: integrated enzymatic kinetics and Raman spectroscopy with chemometric analysis. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
Our work shows how combining different analytical techniques can reveal details about enzyme inhibition. The findings also have practical implications for understanding toxicity of fentanyl and its different analogues and could help develop better detection methods for these dangerous compounds.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., midazolam hydrochloride / Generic mfg.
Journal: Breaking with tradition: perioperative care without fasting or medication changes for diabetic foot surgery. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
The findings also have practical implications for understanding toxicity of fentanyl and its different analogues and could help develop better detection methods for these dangerous compounds. Our findings reveal that for high-risk patients with chronic conditions, a
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., hydromorphone hydrochloride / Generic mfg., methadone / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Concordance Between Urine Drug Screening and Self-Reported Use in the Context of a Pragmatic Randomized-Controlled Trial in People with Prescription-Type Opioid Use Disorder: Concordance entre le d (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
P4
Hydromorphone, oxycodone, heroin, and benzodiazepines had low sensitivity and low positive predictive value...There was no moderating effect of treatment assignment (p?=?0.174), time in the study (p?=?0.221), unstable housing (p?=?0.733), or sex (p?=?0.321) on the concordance between UDS and self-reported use.ConclusionsOur results indicate that concordance between UDS and self-reported use is impacted by several factors. Combining UDS and self-reported use could help provide a more accurate assessment of substance use.Clinical trial registrationThis study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03033732).
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Is Fentanyl Rebound an Intrinsic Feature of Naloxone Reversal? (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
These data suggest that (i) the displacement of fentanyl into a metabolically active compartment and (ii) the delay in re-narcotization risk are both independent of naloxone's half-life and are likely to be more effectively achieved with higher doses of naloxone. Combined with the lower risk of precipitating protracted withdrawal, these findings support the clinical use of higher-dose naloxone over longer-acting antidotes for reversing fentanyl-related overdoses.
- | Journal: Analysis of the Prevalence of Alcohol and Psychoactive Substances Among Drivers in the Material from the Department of Forensic Medicine at the Medical University of Bialystok in Poland. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
Among the psychoactive substances most frequently used alone or in combination with others, THC was predominant. Roadside testing, based on effects similar to alcohol intoxication, was mainly conducted on male drivers.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., midazolam hydrochloride / Generic mfg.
Journal: Assessment of Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Children with Severe Acute Bronchiolitis: Correlation Between COMFORT-B Scale and Bispectral Index During Continuous Infusion of Fentanyl and Midazolam. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
We found a weak correlation between the two scales, which does not allow for reliable and valid predictions between the two scales. The BIS scale is suitable for the assessment of deep sedation, whereas the COMFORT-B scale is suitable for the assessment of moderate sedation.
- | Preclinical, Review, Journal: Effects of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuits on Drug Sequestration: A Review of Ex Vivo Experiments. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
However, this sequestration occurred mainly within the first few hours of the experiments, possibly reflecting a saturation effect. Lipophilic drugs are significantly sequestered in ex vivo ECMO circuits, although this effect may be limited by early saturation.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Analgesic Efficacy of Acetaminophen/Ibuprofen as an Adjuvant in Patient-Controlled Analgesia for Postoperative Pain After Oncoplastic Breast Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
A 100 mL solution containing 1000 mg acetaminophen and 300 mg ibuprofen was administered at the end of surgery, and 200 mL was incorporated into a fentanyl-based PCA for infusion over 48 h. The control group received an equivalent volume of saline...Pain scores and rescue analgesic use thereafter did not differ between groups. Adjunctive acetaminophen/ibuprofen with opioid-based PCA reduced early postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and rescue analgesia without increasing adverse effects.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: A Novel and Validated GC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Four Opioids and Seven Fentanoids in Oral Fluid for Forensic Applications. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
The small number of samples currently limits the interpretation of the results. However, our study represents a good starting point for further application of this method to a wider population of real samples.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Within- and Between-Subject Analyses of the Effects of Chronic Xylazine on Negative Phototaxis in Two Planarian Species. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
Xylazine, an adulterant found frequently in illicit fentanyl, has been implicated in causing several adverse effects in human recreational users, including skin lesions and complications in the treatment of opiate overdose...Finally, a between-group design replicated potential interspecies differences when G. tigrina and S. mediterranea were compared directly, with the latter showing significantly greater susceptibility to drug effects. This work provides evidence of the utility of a planarian model for studying the behavioral effects of xylazine and lays the foundation for further investigation into the chronic effects of the drug.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: A sea of need: provider accounts of strategies used to manage admission demands to safer opioid supply programs in Ontario. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
SSPs, were adaptive and evolved in real time; while these adaptations addressed significant equity gaps, they also underscored the limitations of operating within an under-funded primary care model. The narrowing of admission criteria, necessitated by overwhelming demand and limited resources, ultimately constrained their reach and potential population-level impact.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Effects of different bupivacaine concentrations with dural puncture epidural technique for labor analgesia: a prospective randomized controlled trial. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
P=N/A
The narrowing of admission criteria, necessitated by overwhelming demand and limited resources, ultimately constrained their reach and potential population-level impact. This study compared the effects of different bupivacaine concentrations with DPE and found that using low-concentration bupivacaine (0.0625%) for labor provides adequate analgesia without increasing complications or delivery time while reducing the amount of bupivacaine needed.
- | Journal: Dexmedetomidine versus ketamine as adjuvants in external oblique intercostal plane block for post thoracotomy pain: a randomised trial. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
P=N/A
As an adjuvant in EOIPB, Dex is superior to Ketamine. It provides a longer duration of analgesia, significantly reduces postoperative opioid consumption, and results in lower pain scores at specific time intervals, without a significant difference in adverse effects.
- | Journal: Effects of two structurally diverse positive allosteric modulators on signaling bias at the ?-opioid receptor. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 26, 2025
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Biased agonism and positive allosteric modulation at the ?-opioid receptor have been suggested as approaches to improve the therapeutic index of opioid agonists. This work shows how allosteric modulation alters the bias signaling profile of ?-opioid agonists.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., morphine sulphate / Generic mfg., midazolam hydrochloride / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Efficacy and safety of morphine during thermal catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 26, 2025
This work shows how allosteric modulation alters the bias signaling profile of ?-opioid agonists. Thermal catheter ablation for AF can be performed under conscious sedation using only morphine in most patients without impacting the patient's pain experience.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Preclinical, Journal: Comparison of the DRI II and LZI I fentanyl immunoassays for in vitro clinical diagnostic use. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 26, 2025
Thermal catheter ablation for AF can be performed under conscious sedation using only morphine in most patients without impacting the patient's pain experience. The 2 assays demonstrated comparable clinical utility for incorporation into a urine drug screen panel.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Review, Journal: Recent advances in the identification and quantification of xylazine and medetomidine in biological specimens. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 26, 2025
Xylazine is a veterinary sedative that is frequently detected in the illicit drug supply, often found mixed with illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF)...Wider availability of analytical methods to detect xylazine, and now medetomidine, is crucial for responding to these health threats and increasing knowledge on the harms and potential therapies for exposed patients. This review covers what is currently known about these drugs, including observed concentrations in various biospecimens, expected major metabolites and windows of detection, and available analytical approaches for detecting exposure.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., methamphetamine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Changes in the proportion of fatal overdoses by substance type in the US, 1999-2021. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 26, 2025
Opioid deaths and stimulant deaths comprised at least 89% of overdose deaths, and methamphetamine and fentanyl represented rising proportions of fatal overdoses. To prevent drug deaths, resources should be directed primarily to therapies and interventions for opioids and stimulants.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Reversal of Fentanyl-Induced Respiratory Depression in Healthy Subjects by Intramuscular Nalmefene Administered by Auto-Injector Versus Intranasal Naloxone. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 26, 2025
Both antagonist treatments were tolerated with no serious adverse events. This study shows that nalmefene 1.5 mg IM administered by auto-injector achieved a faster onset, higher magnitude, and longer duration of reversal of OIRD compared to naloxone 4 mg IN and represents another option for the treatment of opioid overdose.
- || Review, Journal: Historical and contextual variation in daily opioid consumption rates: implications for supply control, service delivery, and research. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 26, 2025
The adaptability of consumption has several potential implications...These findings are caveated by limitations in reporting of data and variations in methodologies. Hence, greater investments in monitoring consumption intensities are warranted.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Preclinical, Journal: Repeat Opioid Use Modulates Microglia Activity and Amyloid Beta Clearance in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 26, 2025
clearance. The interactions demonstrate how substance use can reshape the neuroimmune landscape in neurodegenerative disease, emphasizing the importance of tailored treatment strategies.
- | Journal: Combining the alpha-2 adrenergic agonist clonidine with naloxone rescues fentanyl-induced physiologic dysfunction and increases survival. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 26, 2025
Unlike morphine, high dose fentanyl rapidly produces airway obstruction, muscle rigidity, and cardiovascular failure...We also show that administration of intramuscular naloxone immediately after intravenous infusion of fentanyl did not improve survival...Also, supplementing naloxone with drugs targeting the adrenergic system improves survival primarily by reopening the upper airway, implicating airway obstruction as a significant component of fentanyl-induced respiratory depression. Therefore, reversal of vocal cord closure appears to be the necessary precursor to the restoration of not only respiration, but also vascular autoregulation, a significant determinant of survival from fentanyl overdose.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Cornichon Homolog-3 (Cnih3) deletion impairs spatial memory, reward-cue association, and fentanyl self-administration behavior. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 26, 2025
Additionally, we identify in previously published human data that single-nucleotide polymorphisms are more protective against progression to daily opioid use in women than in men, suggesting a potential sex-specific role of CNIH3. These findings highlight an important role of CNIH3 in opioid use through learning and memory processes that may differ between males and females.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Implementation of a Face-To-Face Vs Virtual Peer-Integrated Collaborative Care Intervention for Mental Health Treatment of Physical Trauma Survivors: A Qualitative Study of Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 25, 2025
P=N/A
The pandemic created or exacerbated several implementation barriers, including increased risk of infection, homelessness, hospitalizations and comorbid conditions such as fentanyl overdoses that increased demand on emergency department and Trauma Center services, imposition of safety measures to reduce risk of infection in clinical settings, transition from face-to-face to virtual interactions with study patients, shortages of specialty mental health providers, suspension of recruitment of patients into the study, scheduling calls with patients, and an increased workload for the study clinical interventionists...ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03569878. Registered June 15, 2018.
- || fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., ropivacaine / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Analgesic efficacy and serum ropivacaine concentration of postoperative programmed intermittent bolus infusion with serratus anterior plane block in patients undergoing minimally invasive cardiac surgery: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 25, 2025
Registered June 15, 2018. PIBI with SAPB did not reduce post-MICS fentanyl consumption, and serum ropivacaine concentration did not reach the toxicity threshold.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., flurbiprofen / Generic mfg.
Journal: Randomized active-controlled study of the effect of intraoperative nitrous oxide on postoperative pain and numbness after posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 25, 2025
PIBI with SAPB did not reduce post-MICS fentanyl consumption, and serum ropivacaine concentration did not reach the toxicity threshold. Intraoperative administration of N2O did not improve acute or subacute postoperative nociceptive or neuropathic pain after PLIF and did not decrease the use of postoperative analgesics.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Pericapsular nerve group block reduces fentanyl use in transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a randomized prospective study. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 24, 2025
P=N/A
The PENG block provided effective analgesia and reduced the fentanyl requirement during TAVI under CS. The PENG block may be a beneficial choice to improve the quality of CS in these patients.
- | Review, Journal: Optimizing Drug Therapy in ECMO-Supported Critically Ill Adults: A Narrative Review and Clinical Guide. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 24, 2025
No ECMO-specific data were identified for certain neuromuscular blockers, antivirals, and electrolytes. Overall, individualized dosing guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), organ function, and validated PK principles remains essential to optimize therapy in this complex population.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Characterizing Declines in US Overdose Deaths Compared to Exponential Predictions. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 24, 2025
Decreases reflected declining illicit fentanyl-involved deaths (with and without stimulants); however, deaths involving stimulants without fentanyl, and those involving xylazine, continued to increase in 2024...Racial gaps remain large but shrunk by a modest margin.Meaning: The course of the US overdose crisis is no longer consistent with an exponential growth curve, but novel substances and adulterants represent a potential driver of increased deaths in the future. Shifts occurring in 2024 were disproportionate by geography and race/ethnicity.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Syringe Service Program Utilization, Behavioral, and Experiential Factors Associated with Greater Naloxone Protection in a Longitudinal Cohort of People Who Use Illicit Opioids in New York City. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 24, 2025
Conclusion Findings suggest positive impacts of syringe service program engagement and use of harm reduction best-practices and interventions on promoting naloxone protection and highlight differential associations. These results can be used to inform culturally-sensitive and tailored outreach to people at risk of overdose.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., ropivacaine / Generic mfg., dexmedetomidine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Dexmedetomidine in Spinal Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery: Extending Analgesia Beyond the Operating Room. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 24, 2025
Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective ??-adrenergic agonist, has demonstrated sedative and analgesic properties without respiratory depression, making it an attractive alternative to opioids such as fentanyl. In this case series, 10
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Repeated fentanyl abstinence intensifies opioid withdrawal and induces a proinflammatory state in striatal microglia. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 24, 2025
We also found that repeated opioid withdrawal increased the expression of RNAs related to the proinflammatory "microglia core sensome". Furthermore, microglia in the mouse striatum were present at a higher density with reduced ramification, which suggests that multiple opioid withdrawal experiences cause a significant change to microglial signaling-state.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Safety of ventricular tachycardia ablation under deep sedation with propofol and fentanyl. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 24, 2025
CA for VT under deep sedation with propofol and fentanyl in patients with structural heart disease is feasible and safe, irrespective of VT induction, mapping, and ablation approach. Hemodynamic instability, hypotension, and desaturation can be effectively managed.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Retrospective data, Journal: The Effect of Thoracic Paravertebral Block on Postoperative Pain After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Retrospective Study. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 22, 2025
In this retrospective study, PVB was associated with superior analgesia, decreased opioid consumption, and improved early recovery parameters. These findings support the integration of PVB into multimodal analgesia protocols; however, prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate these results.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Anesthesiologists' Intraoperative Analgesic Practices for Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 22, 2025
There were 377 participants who responded, with fentanyl being the primary opioid analgesic of choice (73.5%), and acetaminophen (72.3%) being the adjunct of choice...Conventional practice was principally mentioned as a barrier to utilizing an opioid-sparing technique (50%), followed by a lack of institutional policy (35.1%), and a lack of familiarity or comfort with the technique (34.8%) The efficacy of non-opioid drugs, in addition to comparisons between opioids, needs to be further established with longer-term, patient-centered clinical outcomes in mind. Educational and institutional policy interventions may play a ole in standardizing the use of intraoperative opioid use.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Trends in prenatal opioid use disorder in California, 2010-2022. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 21, 2025
The recent introduction of fentanyl to California was associated with only incremental increases in the prevalence of prenatal opioid use disorder. Continued tracking of these trends is important for perinatal health.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., aspirin / Generic mfg., nitroglycerin / Generic mfg.
Journal: Beyond the Beats: Disparities in Prehospital Cardiac Care. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 21, 2025
Continued tracking of these trends is important for perinatal health. This evaluation of comprehensive demographic information from a large fire-based EMS system revealed disparities among STEMI patients in analgesia administration, specifically aspirin and nitroglycerin based on gender and race/ethnicity.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., tramadol hydrochloride / Generic mfg., dexmedetomidine / Generic mfg.
Retrospective data, Review, Journal: The efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to local anaesthetics in scalp nerve blocks in patients undergoing craniotomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 20, 2025
However, given the overall low certainty of evidence and methodological limitations of existing RCTs, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Larger, high-quality multicenter trials are needed to confirm efficacy and establish optimal dosing.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., tramadol hydrochloride / Generic mfg., methadone / Generic mfg.
Journal: Combinations of substances contributing to death among overdose decedents in Maryland (2020-2021). (Pubmed Central) - Nov 20, 2025
For more than one-quarter of decedents, opioids and psychostimulants in combination were COD. Specific drug combinations have implications for public health surveillance and harm reduction efforts to keep people who use drugs safer from a volatile drug market and potential fatal overdose.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Quantum-topological simulation of Berry phase-induced fentanyl-?-opioid receptor dissociation via terahertz vortex fields. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 20, 2025
A value consistent with non-thermal, frequency-addressable biasing of dissociation pathways. These findings provide a quantum-coherent, non-pharmacological strategy for disengaging potent opioid ligands, offering a new pathway for photonic control of Biochemical interactions with sub-molecular precision.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Piloting a Point-of-Care Drug-Checking Service at Syringe Service Programs in New York City. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 20, 2025
For some participants, drug-checking interactions may support behavioral intention changes about the drugs they use. Key implementation considerations include the importance of a robust technician training model, selection of appropriate and complementary drug-checking technologies, and availability of secondary lab testing.
- fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Observational data, Journal, Intubation: Application of a risk score for postoperative reintubation within two hours after planned extubation during general anesthesia: A matched case-control study. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 20, 2025
Our risk score for postoperative reintubation recommends performing extubation when the risk score is???37. If the risk score is?>?37, extubation using the awake technique and fulfilling the criteria within 10 minutes of anticholinesterase administration under train-of-four monitoring should be considered to reduce the risk of reintubation.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Take my breath away: Solving physiological puzzles to save lives. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 19, 2025
If the risk score is?>?37, extubation using the awake technique and fulfilling the criteria within 10 minutes of anticholinesterase administration under train-of-four monitoring should be considered to reduce the risk of reintubation. No abstract available
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., Spravato (esketamine intranasal) / J&J, sevoflurane / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: The Impact of Intranasal Esketamine on Emergence Agitation in Children Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy: A Randomized Controlled Study. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 19, 2025
Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane during surgery, and the children were transferred to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) after extubation...Relative to Group C, children in Group LE also showed significantly lower PAED (P = 0.010) and m-CHEOPS scores (P = 0.023), along with reduced requirements for rescue propofol (P = 0.005) and rescue fentanyl (P = 0.013)...Intranasal esketamine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg significantly reduces the incidence of EA following pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Increasing the dose to 1 mg/kg does not confer additional benefit in preventing EA and may instead delay extubation.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Narrative review of the scientific and methodological explanations for 101 mechanisms of opioid tolerance. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 19, 2025
Solutions to these problems are presented at the end of the article in the hope of guiding future research. Although the focus is on opioid tolerance, the problems and solutions presented here apply to tolerance to other drugs and any neural change that occurs over time such as learning.