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70 Trials |  |
3689 News |  |
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- | fluoxetine / generics
Clinical, Journal: Effect of fluoxetine on three-year recurrence in acute ischemic stroke: A randomized controlled clinical study. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 15, 2019
Treatment with fluoxetine for 90 days after acute ischemic stroke significantly reduces the three-year recurrence rate of ischemic stroke.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Computational and experimental studies on the interaction between butyrylcholinesterase and fluoxetine: Implications in health and disease. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 15, 2019
4. Overall, both the low K value and the high number of BChE-fluoxetine interactions suggest that fluoxetine is a potent inhibitor of BChE, although in vivo mechanisms for the direct effects of BChE inhibition on various pathologies remain to be further investigated.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: Two-hit model of postintensive care syndrome induced by lipopolysaccharide challenge and subsequent chronic unpredictable stress in mice. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 15, 2019
Notably, chronic treatment with fluoxetine for three weeks reversed most of the affected parameters. In summary, we believe that we have developed a new model of PICS that is clinically relevant, which could advance the mechanism research and the development of therapeutic strategies.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: The protective role of musk on salivary glands of mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 15, 2019
...Forty male albino mice were distributed equally into four groups; control (untreated), CUMS (exposed to CUMS for 4 weeks), CUMS+fluoxetine (FLU) (exposed to CUMS then treated with FLU, CUMS+musk (exposed to CUMS then treated with musk)...In conclusion, musk ameliorates stress-induced structural changes in mouse salivary glands. This effect might be mediated through up-regulation of BDNF secretion by the glands.
- | Trintellix (vortioxetine) / Lundbeck, Takeda
Trial completion: Active Reference (Fluoxetine) Fixed-dose Study of Vortioxetine in Paediatric Patients Aged 12 to 17 Years With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (clinicaltrials.gov) - Aug 14, 2019
P3, N=758, Completed, Sponsor: H. Lundbeck A/S
This effect might be mediated through up-regulation of BDNF secretion by the glands. Active, not recruiting --> Completed
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: More Platon And Less Prozac: The Arrival Of ASTHMA-ZUMAB. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 11, 2019
Active, not recruiting --> Completed No abstract available
- | fluoxetine / generics, haloperidol / generics
Journal: The effect of acute and repeated administration of buspirone, 8-OHDPAT and fluoxetine on haloperidol-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 10, 2019
It may be concluded that buspirone and 8-OHDPAT improves extrapyramidal symptoms in a haloperidol-induced Parkinsonism model probably via activation of 5-HT₁A receptors. However, further investigations should be carried out to clarify the exact mechanism of interaction between 5-HT₁A and DA receptors.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: Mechanisms of imidazoline Ireceptor agonist-induced antinociception in rats: involvement of monoaminergic neurotransmission. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 9, 2019
IR agonist-induced antinociception is mediated by serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms with 5-HT, 5-HT, and α-adrenergic receptors being particularly important. In contrast, the hypothermic and discriminative stimulus effects of IR agonists are mediated by distinct, independent mechanisms.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: Active substance fractions and effects of Shugan Hewei Tang on hippocampal meurotransmitters in rat model of chronic stress-induced depression (Pubmed Central) - Aug 9, 2019
...Several male SD rats were randomly divided into 17 groups: blank control group, model group, positive control group(fluoxetine), Shugan Hewei Tang high and low dose groups, 6 high and low dose groups of different substance fractions...Shugan Hewei Tang showed obvious anti-depressant effects, and the volatile oils, total polysaccharides and terpenoids acted as the main active substances. The mechanism of anti-depression may be related to its regulation of various neurotransmitter levels in the hippocampus.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Bisphenols (A, S, and F) affect the basic hormonal activity determined for pharmaceuticals - Study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 8, 2019
Increasing the concentration of BPF in a reaction mixture also increased the number of YES + synergism incidences (for CA modeling). Estrone, progesterone and androstenedione were mostly affected by the highest BPF concentrations studied in the case of androgenic agonistic research performed.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Effects of in vitro Amitriptyline, Fluoxetine, Tranylcypromine and Venlafaxine on Saphenous Vein Grafts. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 8, 2019
The maximum relaxation at minimum and maximum therapeutic concentrations was obtained with amitriptyline, fluoxetine and tranylcypromine, and the minimum relaxation was obtained with venlafaxine. The relaxation responses were independent of the endothelium.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Acupuncture improved depressive behavior by regulating expression of hippocampal apoptosis-related factors in psychological stress-induced depression rats (Pubmed Central) - Aug 8, 2019
The relaxation responses were independent of the endothelium. Acupuncture intervention can significantly reduce ROS content and expression level of cytochrome C, caspase-3 and AIF proteins in the hippocampus possibly by inhibiting the chronic psychological stress-hippocampal oxidative stress-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in psychological stress-induced depression rats, which may contribute to its effect in relieving depression.
- | sertraline / Generic Mfg., Edronax (reboxetine) / Pfizer
Journal: Selective Knockdown of TASK3 Potassium Channel in Monoamine Neurons: a New Therapeutic Approach for Depression. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 8, 2019
Similar responses, yet of lower magnitude, were detected for Reb-TASK3-siRNA. These findings provide substantial support for TASK3 as a potential target, and RNAi-based strategies as a novel therapeutic approach to treat MDD.
- | Celexa (citalopram) / Generic Mfg., Zoloft (sertraline) / Generic Mfg.
Journal: Reduced anxiety is associated with the accumulation of six serotonin reuptake inhibitors in wastewater treatment effluent exposed goldfish Carassius auratus. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 7, 2019
The fish caged near and downstream of the WWTP effluent were bolder, more exploratory, and more active overall than fish caged at the reference site. Taken together, our results suggest that fish downstream of WWTPs are accumulating PPCPs at levels sufficient to alter neurotransmitter concentrations and to also impair ecologically-relevant behaviours.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals and personal care product chemicals in fish exposed to wastewater effluent in an urban wetland. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 7, 2019
...The highest BAF in goldfish were for the antidepressant Σfluoxetine averaging 386 L/kg in caged and 906 L/kg in wild goldfish, respectively...This study identified a broader range of PPCPs in fish and surface waters than previously reported. However, modeled BAFs did not show good agreement with observed whole body or plasma BAFs, demonstrating that more work is needed to better explain bioaccumulation of PPCPs.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Biomarker, Journal: Validation of a Psychosocial Chronic Stress Model in the Pig Using a Multidisciplinary Approach at the Gut-Brain and Behavior Levels. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 6, 2019
...Two were exposed to the psychosocial stressors while receiving (SF, n = 12) or not (SC, n = 22) the antidepressant fluoxetine, and a third group (NSC, n = 22) remained unstressed...Exposure to psychosocial stressors in the pig model induced effects consistent with the human and rodent literature, including resignation behavior and alterations of the HPA axis and hippocampus. This model opens the way to innovative translational research exploring the mechanisms of chronic stress and testing intervention strategies with good face validity related to human.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Chronic Fluoxetine Treatment Induces Maturation-Compatible Changes in the Dendritic Arbor and in Synaptic Responses in the Auditory Cortex. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 6, 2019
Our results confirm that fluoxetine favors maturation and refinement of extensive cortical networks, including the auditory cortex. The fluoxetine-induced receptor switch may decrease GluN2B-dependent toxicity and thus could be applied in the future to treat neurodegenerative brain disorders characterized by glutamate toxicity and/or by an aberrant network connectivity.
- |||| venlafaxine / generics, fluoxetine / generics
Clinical: Have seen SS when MAOI (phenelzine) was accidentally combined with duloxetin. We recommend 2 wks washout when switching between most SSRI/SNRI and MAOIs (5 wks for fluoxetine). Yet cases of SS have been described after 2 wks washout when switching from venlafaxine to phenelzine. (Twitter) - Aug 3, 2019
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects of the Hydroethanolic Extract from the Leaves of Aloysia polystachya (Griseb.) Moldenke: A Study on Zebrafish (Danio rerio). (Pubmed Central) - Aug 3, 2019
Additionally, the treatment exerted antidepressant activity similarly to fluoxetine. Overall, the results suggest a significant anxiolytic and antidepressant activity to the extract, which is probably due to the presence of the major compound, acteoside.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: Corticostriatal circuit defects in Hoxb8 mutant mice. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 3, 2019
These studies provide linkage between the neuronal defects induced by defective Hoxb8-microglia and neuronal dysfunctions directly generated by mutations in synaptic components that result in mice, which display similar pathological grooming, hyperanxiety and social impairment deficits. Our results shed light on Hoxb8 microglia-driven circuit-specific defects and therapeutic approaches that will become essential to developing novel therapies for neuropsychiatric diseases such as OCD and ASDs with Hoxb8-microglia being the central target.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 26 September 2017; doi:10.1038/mp.2017.180.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Protein kinase Mζ in medial prefrontal cortex mediates depressive-like behavior and antidepressant response. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 3, 2019
The antidepressants fluoxetine, desipramine and ketamine increased PKMζ expression in mPFC and PKMζ mediated the antidepressant effects of ketamine. These findings identify PKMζ in mPFC as a critical mediator of depressive-like behavior and antidepressant response, providing a potential therapeutic target in developing novel antidepressants.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 28 November 2017; doi:10.1038/mp.2017.219.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: The Role of Musk in Relieving the Neurodegenerative Changes Induced After Exposure to Chronic Stress. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 3, 2019
These findings identify PKMζ in mPFC as a critical mediator of depressive-like behavior and antidepressant response, providing a potential therapeutic target in developing novel antidepressants.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 28 November 2017; doi:10.1038/mp.2017.219. Musk alleviated the memory impairment and neurodegenerative changes induced after exposure to the chronic stress.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Fluoxetine induces direct inhibitory effects on mesenchymal stem cell‑derived osteoprogenitor cells independent of serotonin concentration. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 3, 2019
Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to verify this association and to determine the molecular pathways involved in fluoxetine‑induced bone loss. Fluoxetine‑induced apoptosis of osteoprogenitor cells may be the mechanism underlying the increased incidence of bone loss observed in patients treated with fluoxetine.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: Prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure induces working memory and social recognition deficits by disrupting inhibitory synaptic networks in male mice. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 2, 2019
More importantly, the behavioral deficits in prenatal fluoxetine treated mice were reversed by the application of a 5-HTR antagonist. Taken together, our findings suggest that alterations in inhibitory neuronal modulation are responsible for the behavioral alterations following prenatal exposure to SSRIs.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: CNTs coated charcoal as a hybrid composite material: Adsorption of fluoxetine probed by zebrafish embryos and its potential for environmental remediation. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 2, 2019
HMNC addition to culture medium containing FLX significantly reduces sublethal effects and lethality. Interaction between FLX and HMNC involves chemical adsorption such that embryo co-exposure to HMNC adsorbed with FLX in the range of concentrations evaluated herein does not elicit any behavioral changes in zebrafish.
- | Fetzima (levomilnacipran ER) / Pierre Fabre, AbbVie
Trial primary completion date: Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Levomilnacipran ER in Pediatric Patients (7-17 Years) With Major Depressive Disorder (clinicaltrials.gov) - Aug 2, 2019
P3, N=480, Recruiting, Sponsor: Allergan
Interaction between FLX and HMNC involves chemical adsorption such that embryo co-exposure to HMNC adsorbed with FLX in the range of concentrations evaluated herein does not elicit any behavioral changes in zebrafish. Trial primary completion date: Oct 2021 --> May 2021
- | fluoxetine / generics
Review, Journal: Therapeutic strategies for congenital myasthenic syndromes. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 1, 2019
...The present-day drug repertoire comprises acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (mainly pyridostigmine), 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP), ephedrine, salbutamol/albuterol, open-channel blockers (fluoxetine, quinidine), or a combination of these...Here, we summarize for the clinician the therapeutic strategies employed in this ever-evolving disease spectrum. We also address the barriers to treatment and discuss the treatment of CMS in pregnancy.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: Maternal Exposure to Fluoxetine during Gestation and Lactation Induces Long Lasting Changes in the DNA Methylation Profile of Offspring's Brain and Affects the Social Interaction of Rat. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 1, 2019
No significant change in the elevated plus maze test was associated with the early exposure to FLX. In summary, our data demonstrate that maternal exposure to FLX during gestation and lactation results in a long lasting impact on the DNA methylation of hippocampus, and affects the social behavior and the corticosterone response to stress.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: Neurobehavioral and toxicological effects of an aqueous extract of Turnera diffusa Willd (Turneraceae) in mice. (Pubmed Central) - Aug 1, 2019
diffusa aqueous extract induced a clear anxiolytic-like effect, and for the first time, we reported an antidepressant effect. Clinical potential or even intake of T. diffusa in the context of traditional medicine can be supported by its efficacy to positively modulate behavior and its safety for a wide range of doses.
- | Trintellix (vortioxetine) / Lundbeck, Takeda
Preclinical, Journal: Effects of vortioxetine and fluoxetine on the level of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factors (BDNF) in the hippocampus of chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive rats. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2019
There was a trend towards a higher number of hippocampal BDNF-positive cells in the CUMS + VOR group, although it did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, vortioxetine, but not fluoxetine, increased hippocampal BDNF levels in rats subject to CUMS.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Clinical, Review, Journal: Recent developments in the treatment of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 26, 2019
...Fluoxetine is the antidepressant with the greatest evidence for effectiveness compared with placebo...Young people should have access to both evidence-based psychological interventions and antidepressants for paediatric depression. Collaborative decisions on treatment should be made jointly by young people, their carers and clinicians, taking into account individual circumstances and potential benefits, risks and availability of treatment.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: Xiaoyaosan improves depressive-like behavior in rats with chronic immobilization stress through modulation of the gut microbiota. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2019
...Fifty-two healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (i.e., control, model, XYS, and fluoxetine)...On the contrary, it increased the abundance of the Ruminococcaceae family to improve depression-like behavior. The mechanism involved in this process may be related to short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, and intestinal inflammation.
- | Celexa (citalopram) / Generic Mfg., Zoloft (sertraline) / Generic Mfg., Paxil (paroxetine) / Generic Mfg.
Journal: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2019
SSRIs share many similarities, but differ in terms of pharmacokinetics and effects on CYP450 enzymes, which is detailed in this chapter. Further information will be provided regarding safety, clinical indications/uses, and dosing recommendations.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Clinical, Journal: Double Blind Controlled Study of Adding Folic Acid to Fluoxetine in the Treatment of OCD. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2019
None of the biological markers of one carbon metabolism were associated with the change in YBOCS scores. It may be assumed that there is no beneficial effect of folic acid addition to fluoxetine in the treatment of OCD.
- | Celexa (citalopram) / Generic Mfg.
Journal: Risk of Congenital Heart Disease in Newborns with Prenatal Exposure to Anti-depressant Medications. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 23, 2019
One of the women on escitalopram had a fetus with a large membranous ventricular septal defect (VSD), secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) and left superior vena cava. None of the women on a combination of drugs had CHD. Conclusion There is a risk of congenital heart disease in patients who are prenatally exposed to anti-depressant medications as evident by the specific echocardiographic abnormalities noted in the study.
- | fluoxetine / generics, clozapine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: In vivo study to compare the effects of Choline with Fluoxetine and Clozapine for the modulation of cognitive behavior (Learning Memory and Exploratory Behavior). (Pubmed Central) - Jul 22, 2019
However, both improve the learning capability and enhance the memory in rats. Meanwhile, Fluoxetine did not show any considerable enhancement of memory.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Clinical, Journal: A protocol for a randomised controlled, double-blind feasibility trial investigating fluoxetine treatment in improving memory and learning impairments in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Fluoxetine, Learning and Memory in Epilepsy (FLAME trial). (Pubmed Central) - Jul 20, 2019
P2
Data collected in this trial will inform the design and utility of any future efficacy trial involving fluoxetine for the treatment of learning and memory in people with TLE. EudraCT 2014-005088-34, registered on May 18, 2015.
- | Mellaril (thioridazine) / Mylan, Pharmaceutical Holdings Corporation
Journal: Fluoxetine and thioridazine inhibit efflux and attenuate crystalline biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 19, 2019
The impact of these drugs on catheter biofilm formation by other uropathogens (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was also explored, and thioridazine was shown to also inhibit biofilm formation in these species. Therefore, repurposing of existing drugs with EPI activity could be a promising approach to control catheter blockage, or biofilm formation on other medical devices.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Molecular and functional characterization of the Gulf toadfish serotonin transporter (SERT; SLC6A4). (Pubmed Central) - Jul 19, 2019
Acute systemic blockade of SERT by intraperitoneal administration of the SSRI fluoxetine (FLX) produces a dose-dependent increase in plasma 5-HT, indicating effective inhibition of 5-HT uptake from the circulation. As teleosts lack platelets, which are important 5-HT sequestration sites in mammals, the FLX-induced increase in plasma 5-HT suggests that toadfish tissues may normally be responsible for maintaining low 5-HT concentrations in the bloodstream.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: Absence of Stress Response in Dorsal Raphe Nucleus in Modulator of Apoptosis 1-Deficient Mice. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 19, 2019
...Young MOAP-1 mice exhibit depression-like behavior, in the form of increased immobility time when compared to age-matched wild-type mice in the forced swimming test, which is abolished by acute treatment of fluoxetine...These data suggest that MOAP-1 is required in the regulation of stress response in the DRN. Crosstalk between BDNF and 5-HT appears to play an important role in this stress response.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reveal Common Neurodevelopmental Genome Deprograming in Schizophrenia. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 19, 2019
...The results of a multichanneled investigation using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs)- and embryonic stem cell (ESCs)-derived neuronal committed cells (NCCs) indicate an early (preneuronal) developmental-genomic etiology of schizophrenia and that the dysregulated developmental gene networks are common to genetically unrelated cases of schizophrenia...Studies show that the genomic deprograming reflect an altered nFGFR1-genome interactions and deregulation of miRNA genes by nFGFR1. In addition, changes in chromatin topology imposed by nFGFR1 may play a role in coordinate gene dysregulation in schizophrenia.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Trajectories of relapse in randomised, placebo-controlled trials of treatment discontinuation in major depressive disorder: an individual patient-level data meta-analysis. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 17, 2019
Furthermore, continued treatment offers only modest protection against relapse. These data highlight the need to incorporate treatment strategies that prevent relapse as part of the treatment of depression.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Alleviative effects of fluoxetine on depressive-like behaviors by epigenetic regulation of BDNF gene transcription in mouse model of post-stroke depression. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 17, 2019
We also found that fluoxetine treatment could disassociate the MeCP2-CREB-Bdnf promoter IV complex via phosphorylation of MeCP2 at Ser421 by Protein Kinase A (PKA). Our research highlighted the importance of fluoxetine in regulating BDNF expression which could represent a potential strategy for preventing PSD.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Preclinical, Journal: Involvement of S100A4/Mts1 and associated proteins in the protective effect of fluoxetine against MCT - Induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 17, 2019
Our research highlighted the importance of fluoxetine in regulating BDNF expression which could represent a potential strategy for preventing PSD. From the present investigation it could be concluded that S100A4/Mts1 and its associated proteins are involved in the evolution of MCT-induced PAH in rats and fluoxetine inhibits MCT-induced PAH in rats mainly through S100A4/RAGE signaling axis and involved factors.
- || fluoxetine / generics
Democrats still in Drama mode! Prozac Democrats? Especially the dreaded 4🤭 (Twitter) - Jul 16, 2019
- | Evomate (raloxifene hydrochloride) / Shreya Life Sciences
Journal: The Synergistic Effect of Raloxifene, Fluoxetine, and Bromocriptine Protects Against Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 13, 2019
Therapeutically, this enhancing profile of drugs fosters a safer and more effective drug-combination regimen. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
- ||| fluoxetine / generics
Clinical: I got very upset, which of course confirmed his suspicion I was hysterical. So I’m afraid I pulled the PhD card, and told him not to speak to me as if I were ignorant. But went away v worried at women who were more intimidated/uncertain being handed Prozac like candy. (Twitter) - Jul 13, 2019
- ||| fluoxetine / generics
I have low thyroid, which was already diagnosed. Went to GP saying I thought my dosage was off, as v low energy, etc. He tried to put me on Prozac, telling me depression & thyroid have similar symptoms. Me: yes I know AND WE ALREADY KNOW LOW THYROID IS THE ONE I HAVE. (Twitter) - Jul 13, 2019
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Elevating Integrin-linked Kinase Expression has Rescued Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Memory Deficits in an AD animal Model. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 13, 2019
Finally, we found that Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, could improve the impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and memory by enhancing ILK-AKT-GSK3β pathway activity in APP/PS1 mice. Thus, these findings demonstrated the effects of ILK on neurogenesis and memory recovery, suggesting that ILK is an important therapeutic target for AD prevention and treatment.
- | fluoxetine / generics
Journal: Fluoxetine suppresses the immune responses of blood clams by reducing haemocyte viability, disturbing signal transduction and imposing physiological stress. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 12, 2019
To ascertain the mechanisms explaining how waterborne FLX affects immune responses, haemocyte viabilities, intracellular Ca levels, in vivo concentrations of neurotransmitters, physiological stress conditions (as indicated by in vivo concentrations of cortisol), and expressions of key regulatory genes from Ca and neurotransmitter signal transduction, as well as immune-related signalling pathways, were examined after 10 days of FLX exposure by blood clams via 1, 10 and 100 μg/L waterborne FLX. The results obtained indicated that immune response suppression caused by waterborne FLX could be due to (i) inhibited haemocyte viabilities, which subsequently reduce the THC; (ii) altered intracellular Ca and neurotransmitter concentrations, which lead to constrained phagocytosis; and (iii) aggravated physiological stress, which thereafter hampers immune-related NFκB signalling pathways.