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50 Diseases |  |
29 Trials |
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29 Trials |  |
3299 News |  |
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- || Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Trial completion date: Pediatric Arthritis Study of Certolizumab Pegol (clinicaltrials.gov) - Jul 21, 2023
P3, N=193, Active, not recruiting, Sponsor: UCB BIOSCIENCES GmbH
Trial completion date: Dec 2024 --> Dec 2023
- || Retrospective data, Review, Journal: Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 16, 2023
Living systematic reviews offer a new approach to review updating, in which the review is continually updated, incorporating relevant new evidence as it becomes available. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the current status of this review.
- | Journal: Persistence Among Patients with Crohn Disease Previously Treated with an Anti-tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor and Switching or Cycling to Another Biologic Agent. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 14, 2023
Patients with CD who switched to a different biologic class were more persistent than were patients who cycled to another anti-TNF agent. These findings may be useful for physicians when considering the treatment of patients who have experienced nonresponse or loss of response to the first-line anti-TNF agent.
- | Journal: Expanded table: Some drugs for inflammatory bowel disease. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 11, 2023
These findings may be useful for physicians when considering the treatment of patients who have experienced nonresponse or loss of response to the first-line anti-TNF agent. No abstract available
- | Journal: Drugs for inflammatory bowel disease. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 11, 2023
No abstract available No abstract available
- | Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
New P3 trial: CERTIFY: Certolizumab in Recurrent Implantation Failure (RIF) (clinicaltrials.gov) - Jul 5, 2023
P3, N=161, Not yet recruiting, Sponsor: Assistance Publique - H
- || Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Clinical, Retrospective data, Journal: Estimating Patient-Specific Relative Benefit of Adding Biologics to Conventional Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 4, 2023
Randomized clinical trials comparing certolizumab plus conventional antirheumatic drugs with placebo plus conventional drugs were selected...However, the benefit was uncertain for patients with low or high baseline expected probability, for whom other evaluations were necessary. The interactive application displaying individual estimates may help with treatment selection.
- | Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Journal: Certolizumab to treat hidradenitis suppurativa. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 3, 2023
The search revealed that certolizumab was used in 6 case reports to treat HS with a total of 7 patients. We can conclude that there are few cases in the literature discussing the use of certolizumab in HS, all of which, show a good and promising response with no reported side effects.
- Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Stable plasma concentration and persistent clinical improvement among patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis treated with certolizumab pegol: Data from CIMPASI-1 and CIMPASI-2 () - Jul 3, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_6908;
We can conclude that there are few cases in the literature discussing the use of certolizumab in HS, all of which, show a good and promising response with no reported side effects. CZP plasma levels were stable over 3 years and were observed to occur in parallel with clinical and QoL improvements
- Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Self-reported pain outcomes in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis treated with certolizumab pegol: Three-year results from two phase 3 trials (CIMPASI-1 and CIMPASI-2) () - Jul 3, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_6898;
P3
While PSO patients with concomitant PsA reported more baseline and Wk144 pain, similar relative improvements were observed for both groups. Fewer PsA patients reported no pain on DLQI and EQ-5D items at Wk144, consistent with higher mean baseline scores
- Real World Brazilian Data: structuring of medical records with a database for psoriasis and 16-month analysis results. () - Jul 3, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_6884;
Correlation analysis between the information, such as the detailed profile of the most common patients in each therapy and the prescription trend after the failure of a particular drug, can be studied in these data. This system will help the scientific community and the healthcare ecosystem to support strategic decisions based on data
- Humira (adalimumab) / Eisai, AbbVie, Tremfya (guselkumab) / J&J, Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Paradoxical psoriatic alopecia induced by anti-TNF () - Jul 3, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_6859;
The other case was induced by certolizumab (multifocal alopecia areata-like subtype) and improved by topical and systemic corticosteroids and treatment switching to guselkumab...However, a prompt diagnosis and treatment is strictly required since, even if only rarely, scarring alopecia may develop. Further studies are required to improve our knowledge about the occurrence of new or as yet un-described emerging adverse events due to new available biological drugs and to identify effective and safe alternative therapeutic options to manage the underlying disease minimizing the risk of paradoxical reactions
- Discontinuation rates of biologics in patients with psoriasis: 1 year (interim) follow-up of the Psoriasis Study of Health Outcomes (PSoHO) () - Jul 3, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_6776;
Analyses are presented by cohort (anti-IL-17A (ixekizumab, secukinumab) and other biologics (adalimumab, brodalumab, certolizumab, etanercept, guselkumab, infliximab, risankizumab, and ustekinumab)) and by individual biologic. These real-world data from PSoHO show lower rates of drug discontinuation in patients with psoriasis treated with anti-IL-17A compared to a cohort including all other biologics collectively
- Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Certolizumab for the treatment of psoriasis: experience in our department () - Jul 3, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_6746;
Two of them had previously received other sistemic treatment (22.2%), one patient cyclosporine and the other one dimethyl fumarate Mean PASI and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) at week 0 were 6 and 12.1 respectively. Certolizumab pegol efficacy at our Department was equivalent or even superior to the results of the clinical trials and it consists as a good and safe treatment for cutaneous psoriasis, especially in women of child-bearing age
- Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Association of DLQI 0/1 with absolute PASI by age and sex in patients with psoriasis treated with certolizumab pegol: Three-year results from three phase 3 trials () - Jul 3, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_6729;
P3
Certolizumab pegol efficacy at our Department was equivalent or even superior to the results of the clinical trials and it consists as a good and safe treatment for cutaneous psoriasis, especially in women of child-bearing age Patients were randomised for up to 48 weeks
- Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Certolizumab Pegol Use in Hidradenitis Suppurativa () - Jul 3, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_4479;
The most common dosage was 400 mg Q2W in 14/21 (67%) of cases, and Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR) was achieved in 12/17 (71%) cases in which HiSCR was documented. KEY MESSAGES: CZP can be considered a safe and efficacious treatment option for patients with HS, including those with comorbid RA, spondyloarthropathies, psoriasis, and/or inflammatory bowel disease, inadequate response to adalimumab, or for women of childbearing age
- | Journal: Cost per responder of biologic drugs used in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in France and Germany. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 12, 2023
The model included anti-IL17s (brodalumab, secukinumab, ixekizumab and bimekizumab), anti-TNFs (adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab and infliximab), an anti-IL12/23 (ustekinumab), and anti-IL23s (risankizumab, guselkumab and tildrakizumab). Among the anti-IL-23s, risankizumab had the lowest cost per PASI100-responder in both France (
- ||| Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Me too. All my other symptoms have improved significantly with Cimzia but my fatigue has worsened considerably. (Twitter) - Jun 5, 2023
- || Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Trial completion: CHERISH: A Study in Pregnant Women With Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Treated With Cimzia (Certolizumab Pegol) (clinicaltrials.gov) - May 31, 2023
P1b, N=22, Completed, Sponsor: UCB Biopharma S.P.R.L.
Among the anti-IL-23s, risankizumab had the lowest cost per PASI100-responder in both France ( Active, not recruiting --> Completed
- | Journal: Biologic Therapies Decrease Disease Severity and Improve Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Psoriasis Patients. (Pubmed Central) - May 27, 2023
Active, not recruiting --> Completed biologic therapies are effective in decreasing both disease severity and alleviating depression and anxiety symptoms in psoriasis.
- || Review: Efficacy and Safety of Nail Psoriasis Targeted Therapies: A Systematic Review. (Pubmed Central) - May 20, 2023
Data from head-to-head trials have shown greater efficacy of ixekizumab over adalimumab and ustekinumab, as well as brodalumab over ustekinumab, while prior meta-analyses have demonstrated superiority of ixekizumab and tofacitinib to other included agents at various assessed timepoints. Further studies on the long-term efficacy and safety of these agents, as well as randomized controlled trials involving comparison with placebo arms, are needed to fully analyze differences in efficacy of newer agents compared with previously established therapies.
- | Retrospective data, Journal: Drug Survival of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors and Switched Subsequent Biologic Agents in Patients with Psoriasis: A Retrospective Study. (Pubmed Central) - May 19, 2023
Interleukin-17 inhibitors may be a favorable option for patients who need to switch from TNF inhibitors due to inadequate efficacy. However, this study is limited by the small number of cases and its retrospective design.
- || Review, Journal: Focus on Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-?-Related Autoimmune Diseases. (Pubmed Central) - May 17, 2023
Here, we dissect the clinical aspects and overall outcomes of autoimmune diseases caused by anti-TNF-? therapies.
- | Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Journal: Eosinophilic Annular Erythema due to Certolizumab Pegol Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis Post-COVID-19 Vaccine. (Pubmed Central) - May 17, 2023
therapies. No abstract available
- | Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Retrospective data, Journal: Efficacy of certolizumab pegol across baseline rheumatoid factor subgroups in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Post-hoc analysis of clinical trials. (Pubmed Central) - May 17, 2023
P2/3, P3,
CZP showed steady efficacy across baseline RF quartiles in patients with early and established RA, over 24?weeks. CZP treatment may be considered in patients with RA irrespective of baseline RF levels and time from diagnosis.
- ||||| Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Clinical: G Kaeley: use of MSK US in rheumatic care: Young woman with inadequate response to Certolizumab US: synovitis with erosions Findings help shared decision making to add MTX for disease control #ACRX23 @RheumNow (Twitter) - Apr 30, 2023
- Remicade (infliximab) / Merck (MSD), Mitsubishi Tanabe, J&J, Humira (adalimumab) / Eisai, AbbVie, Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Comparative Study Of Adalimumab, Infliximab And Certolizumab In The Treatment Of Cystoid Macular Edema Due To Beh (Screen 8) - Apr 24, 2023 - Abstract #PANLAR2023PANLAR_323;
- Sotyktu (deucravacitinib) / BMS
Indirect Comparison of Deucravacitinib and Other Systemic Treatments for Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis in Asian Populations: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Level 3 - Nicoll 2) - Apr 24, 2023 - Abstract #WCD2023WCD_1628;
Deucravacitinib demonstrated robust efficacy in Asian populations, and it provides a convenient oral therapy option for patients with moderate to severe PsO, with efficacy similar to many biologic therapies. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: - This study was sponsored by Bristol Myers Squibb - Writing and editorial assistance was provided by Cheryl Jones of Peloton Advantage, LLC, an OPEN Health company, and funded by Bristol Myers Squibb
- Carogra (carotegrast methyl) / Kissei, Eisai, Humira (adalimumab) / Eisai, AbbVie, Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-specific immune cell recruitment and response can be modulated with anti-TNF-? therapies in the human Colon Intestine-Chip (P853) (Exhibit Hall; Poster Board No. P853) - Apr 11, 2023 - Abstract #IMMUNOLOGY2023IMMUNOLOGY_1914;
The human Colon Intestine-Chip can both model complex immune cell-driven IBD and validate effects of clinically relevant IBD drugs. This system could provide predictive validity for pre-clinical development of new IBD drugs.
- | Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
New P3 trial: Effectiveness of certolizumab in women with unexplained recurrent implantation failure Efficacit (EUDRACT) - Apr 11, 2023
P3, N=161, Ongoing, Sponsor: Assistance Publique des H
- Decadron (dexamethasone) / Merck (MSD), Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Double Trouble: Dual Pathogen Bacterial Meningitis (Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Area I, Hall C (Lower Level)) - Mar 25, 2023 - Abstract #ATS2023ATS_6645;
LP was not initially performed due to hemodynamic instability and home anticoagulation with apixaban for atrial fibrillation...She was initiated on Vancomycin and Rocephin in addition to ampicillin...EEG was negative for ongoing seizures and levetiracetam was continued...However, given high sensitivity and specificity of PCR testing, treatment should not be withheld. In addition, the findings also illustrate the importance of performing LP regardless of positive blood cultures and early antibiotic administration as a means for definitive diagnosis and treatment.
- methotrexate / Generic mfg.
Methotrexate-Induced Interstitial Pneumonitis in a Patient With Ulcerative Colitis (Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Area E, Hall C (Lower Level)) - Mar 25, 2023 - Abstract #ATS2023ATS_6251;
Keep in mind excluding infectious etiologies is essential before considering this diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of prompt removal of MTX when suspecting drug induced interstitial pneumonitis despite longevity of MTX therapy and demonstrates the role of systemic steroids when suspecting this diagnosis.
- Rituxan (rituximab) / Biogen, Zenyaku Kogyo, Roche, Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
The Many Faces of Tuberculosis: A Case of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Mimicking Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Area I, Hall C (Lower Level)) - Mar 25, 2023 - Abstract #ATS2023ATS_5377;
One year after initial presentation, she continued to have scleritis and was started on certolizumab, an anti-TNF therapy...Rituximab and prednisone were discontinued, and she was initiated on treatment for active TB with Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol as well as moxifloxacin given previous treatment with Rifampin for LTBI...This case highlights caution interpreting antibody testing that can have false positives with infection. To our knowledge, this is the first case of pulmonary tuberculosis mimicking GPA.
- Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Difficult-to-PiNPoinT Fatal Hyperammonemia Possibly Secondary to Mutation in PNPT1 Gene (Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Area C, Hall C (Lower Level)) - Mar 25, 2023 - Abstract #ATS2023ATS_5016;
Directed therapies include specialized nutrition and supplementation, ammonia scavenger therapy, and dialysis while awaiting diagnostic testing. Supportive measures include treatment of identifiable triggers, monitoring for and treatment of elevated intracranial pressure, therapeutic hypothermia, airway protection, careful sedation, and hemodynamic support.
- MULTICENTER EVALUATION OF PEDIATRIC CROHN (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_6466;
234 (39%) were identified to have moderate/severe disease at enrollment. Of the remaining, 364 (61%) did not meet criteria for moderate/severe disease enrollment and were categorized as mild disease.
- DISPARITIES IN UTILIZATION OF ADVANCED IBD THERAPIES BASED ON GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_6265;
Our data demonstrate differences in biologic use among patient with IBD based on geography and SDOH. Our study demonstrates that social determinants of health impact the use of advanced IBD therapies and may result in worse disease outcomes.
- CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, HOSPITALIZATION AND MORTALITY RATES OF PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION AMONG PATIENTS WITH IBD STRATIFIED BY RECEIPT OF PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE IN THE USA: A MULTI-CENTER NETWORK STUDY (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_4472;
Our study demonstrates that social determinants of health impact the use of advanced IBD therapies and may result in worse disease outcomes. IBD patients were defined as individuals carrying a diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) or Crohn
- Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN CROHN (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_2800;
P=N/A
Low birth weight was reported for one patient in each of the three cohorts, and polyhydramnios was reported for one patient each in the CZP and Any CZP cohorts. Conclusions Use of CZP among CD patients in the SECURE registry was not associated with increases in adverse pregnancy outcomes or adverse maternal outcomes.
- LOW RATES OF PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINATION ADMINISTRATION IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A MULTICENTER POPULATION-BASED STUDY (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_2772;
Conclusions Use of CZP among CD patients in the SECURE registry was not associated with increases in adverse pregnancy outcomes or adverse maternal outcomes. Patients with a diagnosis of IBD were defined as those with diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn
- Remicade (infliximab) / Merck (MSD), Mitsubishi Tanabe, J&J, Humira (adalimumab) / Eisai, AbbVie, Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
COMPARATIVE PERSISTENCE OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ANTAGONISTS (TNFI) VS. NON-TNFI FOR POST-OPERATIVE PROPHYLAXIS IN CROHN (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_2704;
This is possibly explained by numerically higher rates of failure due to immunogenicity and adverse events with TNFi. If confirmed by larger, prospective studies, these findings can inform post-operative management strategies in CD.
- A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CLOSTRIDIOIDES DIFFICILE INFECTION AMONG PATIENTS ON BIOLOGIC AND SMALL MOLECULE THERAPY FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_2695;
The odds of CDI were slightly higher in UC than CD. Overall, biologic or small molecule therapy was not associated with increased incidence of CDI in IBD, and there is no significant difference between therapeutic agents.
- BIOLOGIC USE IN WOMEN WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AND RISK OF GYNECOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES: A PROPENSITY-MATCHED NATIONAL DATABASE COHORT ANALYSIS (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_2691;
In this propensity score-matched analysis of a nationally representative database, the incidence of gynecologic malignancies in IBD was higher than that reported for the general U.S. population (1-2% vs 0.2%). Anti-TNF or anti-integrin biologics were not significantly associated with increased risk of gynecologic malignancy among women with IBD.
- USE OF BIOLOGIC THERAPIES IN PATIENTS WITH REFRACTORY MICROSCOPIC COLITIS (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_2497;
Histologic remission rate was low. Larger prospective studies are needed to further confirm these findings and identify best management strategies and positioning of biologics in patients with refractory MC.
- DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE PANCREATITIS DUE TO MEDICATIONS USED FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A PHARMACOVIGILANCE DATABASE STUDY (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_1654;
Conclusions We report the largest real-world database study investigating the association between commonly used IBD medications and AP. Thiopurines and 5-ASA are strongly associated with AP compared to other medications in the database, including the newer biologic/small molecule agents.
- Entyvio (vedolizumab) / Takeda
THE USE OF VEDOLIZUMAB MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION IN IBD PATIENTS ON BIOLOGIC THERAPY (South Hall A, Poster Hall - McCormick Place) - Mar 23, 2023 - Abstract #DDW2023DDW_868;
Among them, 6 (14.29%) patients had CDI recurrence. Conclusion : Our results suggest that the use of vedolizumab may increase the risk of developing CDI in IBD patients on biologic therapy.
- | FDA event, Reimbursement, Journal, Medicare: Adoption of newly FDA-approved targeted immunomodulatory therapies by dermatologists: a cross-sectional analysis of Medicare Part D claims from 2013 to 2018. (Pubmed Central) - Mar 21, 2023
We believe these data show that the adoption of novel biologic treatments for psoriasis by dermatologists to Medicare beneficiaries may be associated with clinician experience and practice volume. Additionally, we identified low absolute numbers of dermatologists prescribing biologics overall in non-metropolitan areas, which may represent delayed access to novel psoriasis treatments for many Medicare beneficiaries.
- | Enrollment change, Trial withdrawal, Biopsy: SYBRA: The Use of Synovial Biopsies in Predicting Response to Biologic Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients (clinicaltrials.gov) - Mar 15, 2023
P3, N=0, Withdrawn, Sponsor: Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center
Additionally, we identified low absolute numbers of dermatologists prescribing biologics overall in non-metropolitan areas, which may represent delayed access to novel psoriasis treatments for many Medicare beneficiaries. N=145 --> 0 | Not yet recruiting --> Withdrawn
- Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) / Astellas, UCB
Formulary Management of Biologics in Plaque Psoriasis in Canada () - Mar 9, 2023 - Abstract #ISPOR2023ISPOR_1704;
Decision-makers must continually review the place in therapy of treatments as new evidence emerges, and the value of costly biologics in Canada should be assessed to ensure their appropriate use. Given delayed biosimilars launches in Canada, there is even more rationale to review drugs at or beyond exclusivity, given the expenditures on old-generation originators and impending LoE of the new-generation molecules; some IL-17 biologics will soon lose data protection, which can further increase this opportunity cost.
- Drug Expenditure, Price, and Utilization in the U.S. Medicaid Program: An Empirical Trend Analysis for Nonbiologic and Biologic DMARDS () - Mar 9, 2023 - Abstract #ISPOR2023ISPOR_1242;
Given delayed biosimilars launches in Canada, there is even more rationale to review drugs at or beyond exclusivity, given the expenditures on old-generation originators and impending LoE of the new-generation molecules; some IL-17 biologics will soon lose data protection, which can further increase this opportunity cost. Annual prescription counts and reimbursement amounts were calculated for all brand-name and generic DMARDs, such as methotrexate, etanercept (Enbrel
- Induction Cost per Responder of Biologic Therapies for Plaque Psoriasis in Canada () - Mar 9, 2023 - Abstract #ISPOR2023ISPOR_1167;
Despite the availability of various biologic and SEB therapies for plaque psoriasis in Canada, the range of CPR estimates vary significantly, with brodalumab having the lowest CPR across all PASI scores during the induction period. Using therapies with more favorable CPR may translate into cost-saving opportunities.