carbidopa/levodopa / Generic mfg. 
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  • ||||||||||  carbidopa/levodopa / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Emerging Microbiome Genetic Engineering Technology for Stable Levodopa Delivery in Parkinson's Disease. (Pubmed Central) -  May 14, 2022   
    Dopamine replacement in the form of a levodopa/carbidopa tablet has been the gold-standard therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) for over six decades...Colonization studies show that our EcN biotherapeutic requires only once or twice daily dosing. Our novel re-engineered, self-replicating EcN microbial bio-therapeutics offers an entirely new L-DOPA treatment paradigm capable of ensuring long-term efficacy while minimizing side-effects.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Parkinsonism Attenuation by Antihistamines via Downregulating the Oxidative Stress, Histamine, and Inflammation. (Pubmed Central) -  May 14, 2022   
    This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of H1 antagonist's ebastine and levocetirizine in PD per se and in combination...Group III was treated with levodopa/carbidopa (levo 20 mg/kg)...In combination therapy with the standard drug, ebastine (4 mg/kg) significantly improved the cataleptic state and dopamine levels, but no significant difference in the renal and liver functioning tests was observed. This study concluded that ebastine (4 mg/kg) might work in the treatment of PD as it improves the cataleptic state in haloperidol-induced catalepsy.
  • ||||||||||  buspirone/melatonin (BCI-952) / BrainCells, lamotrigine liquid oral suspension / OWP Pharma
    Medroxyprogesterone for Refractory Agitation in TBI and Parkinson’s Disease () -  May 5, 2022 - Abstract #APA2022APA_549;    
    Psychiatric course of treatment included adequate trials of Quetiapine, Olanzapine, Buspirone, Melatonin, Valproic Acid, Trazodone, and varying levels of benzodiazepines...Due to severity of his Parkinson''s, Neurology was reluctant to make changes to Carbidopa-Levodopa 25-100 mg four times daily due to the overall motor benefit he experienced...As in the prior case, he was started on medroxyprogesterone IM 150 mg weekly and found benefit at 300 mg weekly, which allowed for discharge to memory care unit. While dopamine and D2-like receptor families have been associated with impulsive personality traits, these cases illustrate the potential for Medroxyprogesterone to target an alternative mechanism when agitation appears refractory to treatment, and changes to dopamine may be unable to be made.
  • ||||||||||  A More Comprehensive Approach to Understanding Drug-Induced Dyskinesia Through a Case Study () -  May 5, 2022 - Abstract #APA2022APA_335;    
    C/L and pramipexole were held; primidone was tapered, and Amantadine was initiated...So far, alternate medication delivery tools being studied have focused on managing fluctuating medication levels to limit dyskinesia development due to postsynaptic L-dopa effects; one of which are liposome-based strategies for effective drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier. Conclusion : Through this case report, we discuss potential mechanisms and motor pathways involved in drug induced dyskinesia, shedding light on hopeful future directions towards more targeted treatment options.
  • ||||||||||  carbidopa/levodopa / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: response to levodopa infusion in two cases. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 22, 2022   
    We should suspect an SCA-ATXN3 etiology in patients with syndromes resembling an early-onset Parkinson disease with an autosomal dominant pattern. These patients could benefit from anti-Parkinsonian treatments, including levodopa intestinal gel infusion pump.
  • ||||||||||  foscarbidopa/foslevodopa (ABBV-951) / AbbVie
    Sleep and Efficacy Endpoint Correlations After 6 Months of Subcutaneous Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa in Parkinson's Disease (B9) -  Apr 9, 2022 - Abstract #EAN2022EAN_791;    
    P3
    The results displayed Entacapone-loaded NLCs have promising potential for oral delivery and enhanced therapeutic effect which otherwise was a major issue. Improvements in sleep with 24 hour/daily foslevodopa/foscarbidopa in patients with PD significantly correlate with improvements in "Off" time, "On" time without troublesome dyskinesia, m-EDL, and QoL.
  • ||||||||||  foscarbidopa/foslevodopa (ABBV-951) / AbbVie
    Continuous Subcutaneous Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: Results From a 12-Month Phase 3 Study (A2) -  Apr 9, 2022 - Abstract #EAN2022EAN_737;    
    P3
    Improvements in sleep with 24 hour/daily foslevodopa/foscarbidopa in patients with PD significantly correlate with improvements in "Off" time, "On" time without troublesome dyskinesia, m-EDL, and QoL. In this open-label trial, individualized, 24h/day, CSCI of LDP/CDP was generally safe, improved motor complications and morning akinesia, providing a potential efficacious and minimally invasive therapeutic alternative for aPD.
  • ||||||||||  Kuvan (sapropterin) / Merck (MSD), BioMarin, Daiichi Sankyo
    Journal:  Disorders of Tetrahydrobiopterin Metabolism: Experience from South India. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 8, 2022   
    Screening for disorders of biopterin metabolism in patients with hyperphenylalaninemia prevents delayed diagnosis. This study expands the genotype-phenotype spectrum of patients with disorders of tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism from South India.
  • ||||||||||  carbidopa/levodopa / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  One-Carbon Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Brain Tissue. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 15, 2022   
    Levodopa-carbidopa is known to reduce available vitamin B6, which would explain the hindered CBS activity...We hypothesize that this levodopa-induced effect is a direct cause of dementia in PD in susceptible subjects with reduced re-methylation capacity. Furthermore, we show that betaine best correlates with cognitive score even among PD subjects alone and discuss nutritional recommendations to improve one-carbon metabolism function.
  • ||||||||||  carbidopa/levodopa / Generic mfg.
    POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF LEVODOPA AND CARBIDOPA FOLLOWING SUBCUTANEOUS INFUSION () -  Mar 9, 2022 - Abstract #ADPD2022ADPD_1725;    
    Furthermore, we show that betaine best correlates with cognitive score even among PD subjects alone and discuss nutritional recommendations to improve one-carbon metabolism function. Model diagnostics for the carbidopa and levodopa population PK models indicated a satisfactory predictive performance, supporting their usability to derive individual predictions of exposure to be used in future pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses.
  • ||||||||||  Horizant (gabapentin enacarbil XR) / Arbor Pharma, Astellas, GSK
    Initiation of Pharmacotherapies for Newly Diagnosed Early-Onset Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome from 2012-2019 (In-person & Virtual) -  Mar 8, 2022 - Abstract #ISPOR2022ISPOR_1779;    
    In this nationally representative sample of privately insured adults, pharmacotherapies initiated for newly diagnosed early-onset idiopathic RLS were predominantly FDA-approved dopamine agonists followed by off-label gabapentin. Limited use of FDA-approved gabapentinoids, pregabalin and gabapentin enacarbil, warrants further investigation of long-term RLS treatment utilization.
  • ||||||||||  Comtan (entacapone) / Novartis, Orion Corp
    Respiratory Comorbidities in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease (Poster Hall) -  Mar 6, 2022 - Abstract #AAN2022AAN_3816;    
    The analysis cohort included patients with continuous medical and pharmacy benefits from 2016 to 2018 with ≥1 diagnosis of PD (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision [ICD-10], Clinical Modification code G20) with record types of management, surgery, facility, or pharmacy, and ≥1 pharmacy claim for carbidopa/levodopa ± entacapone... In this analysis of patients with PD, chronic and acute respiratory comorbidities were common, included a broad array of conditions, and when combined, were severe in over 30% of patients.
  • ||||||||||  Comtan (entacapone) / Novartis, Orion Corp
    Prescribing Patterns for Patients With Parkinson’s Disease in Long-Term Care Facilities (Poster Hall) -  Mar 6, 2022 - Abstract #AAN2022AAN_3801;    
    The use of PD-related drugs in the LTC setting was modest. Although some evidence of dose or formulation changes and initiation of “ON-extenders” suggests efforts towards optimizing the treatment regimens of LTC residents with PD, the near-zero use of “on-demand” treatment suggests that this approach to managing PD may be underutilized.
  • ||||||||||  carbidopa/levodopa / Generic mfg.
    VCP Mutations and Parkinsonism: An Emerging Link (Poster Hall) -  Mar 6, 2022 - Abstract #AAN2022AAN_3790;    
    Our cases highlight phenotypic heterogeneity of VCP-associated parkinsonism when compared to prior reports. The existing literature suggests that VCP-parkinsonism has robust levodopa responsiveness,3 however, our patient with the R191G mutation was not levodopa-responsive.
  • ||||||||||  Comtan (entacapone) / Novartis, Orion Corp, Ongentys (opicapone) / Ono Pharma, Neurocrine, BIAL
    Patients' Preferences for Adjunctive Parkinson's Disease Treatments: A Discrete-Choice Experiment (Poster Hall) -  Mar 6, 2022 - Abstract #AAN2022AAN_2718;    
    Patients with PD expressed interest in adjunctive treatment and were willing to accept reduced ON-time to avoid treatment-related side effects. Physicians should work to accommodate patient preferences in selecting adjunctive treatment.
  • ||||||||||  carbidopa/levodopa / Generic mfg., carbidopa / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Scalable Asymmetric Syntheses of Foslevodopa and Foscarbidopa Drug Substances for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 22, 2022   
    The synthesis of FLD (3) employs a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination reaction followed by enantioselective hydrogenation of the double bond as key steps to introduce the α-amino acid moiety with the desired stereochemistry. The synthesis of FCD (4) features a Mizoroki-Heck reaction followed by enantioselective hydrazination to install the quaternary chiral center bearing a hydrazine moiety.
  • ||||||||||  Ongentys (opicapone) / Ono Pharma, Neurocrine, BIAL
    Clinical, Review, Journal:  Opicapone for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease "Off" Episodes: Pharmacology and Clinical Considerations. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 17, 2022   
    By inhibiting COMT, opicapone slows levodopa metabolism and increases its availability. Several clinical studies demonstrated significant improvement in treatment efficacy and reduction in the duration of "off" episodes The main side effect demonstrated was dyskinesia, mostly with the 100 mg dose, which is higher than the approved, effective dose of 50 mg.
  • ||||||||||  carbidopa/levodopa / Generic mfg.
    Trial suspension, Trial primary completion date:  L-DOPA vs. Placebo for Depression and Psychomotor Slowing in Older Adults (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Feb 10, 2022   
    P4,  N=90, Suspended, 
    Several clinical studies demonstrated significant improvement in treatment efficacy and reduction in the duration of "off" episodes The main side effect demonstrated was dyskinesia, mostly with the 100 mg dose, which is higher than the approved, effective dose of 50 mg. Recruiting --> Suspended | Trial primary completion date: Nov 2021 --> Dec 2022
  • ||||||||||  carbidopa/levodopa / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Secondary biogenic amine deficiencies: genetic etiology, therapeutic interventions, and clinical effects. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 4, 2022   
    A trial of treatment with levodopa/carbidopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan was initiated...This study demonstrates the utility of genome-wide sequencing in further understanding the etiology and pathophysiology of neurometabolic conditions, and the potential of secondary neurotransmitter deficiencies to serve as novel therapeutic targets. As there was a largely favorable response to therapy in our case series, a careful trial of neurotransmitter replacement therapy should be considered in patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamines below reference range.
  • ||||||||||  Kynmobi (apomorphine sublingual film) / Sumitomo Dainippon, Aquestive, BIAL
    Clinical, Journal:  Open-label titration of apomorphine sublingual film in patients with Parkinson's disease and "OFF" episodes. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 3, 2022   
    Among eligible patients with PD and "OFF" episodes who had their APL dose successfully titrated to an effective and tolerable level, most were able to do so within the first 3 titrated doses but some required further dose escalations. The use of APL can provide benefit for the treatment of "OFF" episodes.