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  • ||||||||||  Retrospective data, Journal:  The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Clostridium species in Iran: a meta-analysis. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 3, 2019   
    Metronidazole and vancomycin, as the first-line therapies, fidaxomicin, tetracyclines (except tetracycline), rifampicin and chloramphenicol can still be used for the treatment of C. difficile infections. However, the present results do not recommend the use of penicillin, bacitracin and tetracycline for the treatment of C. perfringens infections in humans and domestic animals in Iran.
  • ||||||||||  Garamycin (gentamicin sulfate) / Generic Mfg.
    Journal:  Report: Prevalence and antibiotic trials against Salmonella enterica isolated from diarrheic lambs and kids. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 1, 2019   
    Results of in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that S. enteric isolated from both lambs and kids were susceptible to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, azithromycin, tobramycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin and nalidixic acid. Where as the results of in vivo antibiotic trials showed that isolates from both lambs and the kids with diarrhea were susceptible to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / generics
    Journal:  Prevalence and characterization of quinolone resistance genes in Aeromonas species isolated from pet turtle in Korea. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 7, 2019   
    Additionally, the synbiotic group exhibited lower ceftriaxone minimal inhibitory concentration values than the antibiotic group. The current study reveals the mismatch phenomenon between the quinolone resistance phenotypes and genotypes of turtle borne aeromonads, and suggests that susceptible isolates might be a potential risk source for storage and transmission of resistance genes.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / generics
    Preclinical, Journal:  Genotypic Resistance to Quinolone and Tetracycline in Salmonella Dublin Strains Isolated from Humans and Animals in Brazil. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 6, 2019   
    In the Salmonella Dublin strains studied, quinolone resistance was mainly related to mutation points that led to target alteration in the gyrA and gyrB genes, while tetracycline resistance was associated with the presence of tet(A) and/or tet(B) genes, with the highest resistance levels detected in strains bearing the tet(B) gene. The presence of the aforementioned genotypic resistance traits in Salmonella Dublin strains isolated over 33 years in Brazil indicates that ciprofloxacin or tetracycline therapy against such strains may fail.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / generics, ceftazidime / generics
    Journal:  Presence of multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli in meat purchased in traditional markets of Lima (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 28, 2019   
    Antimicrobial resistance levels were high against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol...In addition, the presence of BLEE in Escherichia coli isolated from chicken meat was 59.4%. Multiple drug resistance levels were high compared to antibiotics frequently used in humans; chicken and beef are highlighted as potential reservoirs of BLEE and pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli, respectively.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / generics
    Clinical, Journal:  Molecular epidemiology and genetic characterization of Shigella in pediatric patients in Iran. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 28, 2019   
    ...The results of an antimicrobial resistance test showed that the high percentage of resistance to nalidixic acid (NA), ampicillin (AMP) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) included 38 (50.6%), 59 (81.3%) and 64 (88%) isolates, respectively...This study showed the high prevalence of multidrug resistant S. sonnei and S. flexneri. Furthermore, it highlighted the increasing integrons (intI and intII) and ESBL genes, especially blaCTX-M15, in Shigella isolates.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / generics
    Clinical, Journal:  Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Campylobacter coli Isolated from Poultry Farms in Lagos Nigeria - A Pilot Study. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 23, 2019   
    ...A percentage of 100% showed resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin, and streptomycin...Surprisingly, 62.5% of C. coli had decreased (intermediate) susceptibility to erythromycin. Although there was a low prevalence of C. coli from poultry in this study, the presence of antibiotic resistant strains circulating the food chain could result in treatment failures and difficulty in case management if involved in infections of humans.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / generics
    Clinical, Journal:  Bacteriological Safety Assessment of Three Street vended Foods in Owerri , Imo State (P04-141-19). (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 23, 2019   
    The presence of pathogenes and multi drug resistance isolates in these street foods renders them unsafe for human consumption, food vends and consumers need greater awareness on basic hygienic and good sanitary practices for food handling and appropriate use of antibiotics to for stall severe food borne diseases by antibiotic resistance stains. Federal University Of Technology, Owerri.Imo state Owerri.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / generics
    Journal:  Pathogenic surveillance and related factors on bacillary dysentery in Beijing, 2008-2017 (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 15, 2019   
    The diagnostic accordance rate of bacillary dysentery in Beijing was low, with severe resistance of Shigella. Our findings suggested that clinicians should take multiple factors into account in their practices about epidemiological history, clinical symptom and testing results for diarrhea patients.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / generics
    Journal:  flaA-SVR Based Genetic Diversity of Multiresistant Campylobacter jejuni Isolated From Chickens and Humans. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 14, 2019   
    Isolates resistant to CIP, STR and TET (13 isolates) were mainly from chicken feces (12 isolates) and classified into 5 flaA-SVR sequence types, with the most common 36 (8 isolates). The obtained results show a broad molecular diversity of multiresistant C. jejuni isolates and suggest chickens as a possible source of human Campylobacter infections in Poland.
  • ||||||||||  amoxicillin / generics
    Journal:  Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria from Raw Meat of Buffalo and Chicken, Nepal. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 13, 2019   
    and Staphylococcus aureus constituted 52.5%, 77.7% and 40.0%, respectively, of both buffalo and chicken raw meat. This study indicates antimicrobials resistant bacteria existing at an alarming rate, higher in chicken meat than in buffalo meat.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / generics
    Journal:  Antibiotic Resistance of E. coli Isolated From a Constructed Wetland Dominated by a Crow Roost, With Emphasis on ESBL and AmpC Containing E. coli. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 4, 2019   
    ...The most frequent antibiotic resistance (AR) of the fecal isolates was to ampicillin (AMP) (53%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) (45%), streptomycin (S) (40%), and nalidixic acid (NA) (33%)...Phylogenetic analysis revealed similar distribution of the water and fecal isolates among the different phylo-groups, with the majority belonging to the commensal B1 phylo-group, followed by the pathogenic B2 phylo-group. This study demonstrates that corvids can be reservoirs and vectors of ARE and pathogenic E. coli, posing a significant environmental threat.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / generics
    Journal:  Antimicrobial potentiality of actinobacteria isolated from two microbiologically unexplored forest ecosystems of Northeast India. (Pubmed Central) -  May 13, 2019   
    The results showed that zebrafish-borne aeromonads can harbor different types of antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integrons. Our findings suggest that the unexplored soil habitats of NNP and PWS forest ecosystems of Northeast India harbor previously undescribed actinobacteria with the capability to produce diverse antimicrobial metabolites that may be explored to overcome the rapidly rising global concern about antibiotic-resistance.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / generics
    Clinical, Journal:  Efficacy of plant-derived antimicrobials for controlling Salmonella Schwarzengrund on dry pet food. (Pubmed Central) -  May 2, 2019   
    ...Three hundred gram portions of a commercial dry dog food were inoculated with a two-strain mixture of nalidixic acid (NA) resistant S. Schwarzengrund (~6 log CFU/g), followed by a spray treatment with 0%, 0.5%, 1% or 2% of TC, CR, TY, EG or CA in combination with 5% vegetable oil or 1% chitosan as a carrier...Results suggest that the aforementioned PDAs could potentially be used as an antimicrobial spray to reduce S. Schwarzengrund on dry dog food. However, further studies on the acceptance of PDA-treated dry food by dogs are needed.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / generics
    Clinical, Journal:  Transfer of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli and Resistance Genes in a Child Care Center. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 28, 2019   
    Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed 100% similarity for four isolates in 2007 and one isolate in 2008, and also similarity among seven isolates carrying the virulence gene (CNF1). This study yielded the following findings: (1) a gene for extended-spectrum β-lactamase was transferred from a child to other children and a teacher; (2) a nalidixic acid-resistant isolate was transferred from a teacher to a child; and (3) a virulent bacterium was transferred between children.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / generics
    Journal:  Day-old chicks are a source of antimicrobial resistant bacteria for laying hen farms. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 20, 2019   
    The ST155 (27/142) was the most frequently detected, followed by ST10 (19/142) and ST48 (9/142). The fate on the farm of the detected E. coli populations in old-day chicks was not clear, but our data suggest that they did not remain in the predominant faecal population of pullets and laying hens.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / generics
    Journal:  Antibacterial Activity of DC-159a Against Salmonella Typhimurium. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 9, 2019   
    However, the estimated MICs of DC-159a against Salmonella strains with mutant DNA gyrase were lower than those of ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Therefore, DC-159a can be suggested as an antibiotic candidate for treating salmonellosis caused by quinolone-resistant S. Typhimurium.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / generics
    Journal:  Dissemination of Escherichia coli carrying plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes from swine farms to surroundings. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 9, 2019   
    The PFGE result showed that 49% (49/100) of isolates originating from air, river water, soil, and silt samples had ≥85% similarity to fecal-obtained isolates, and 40.82% (20/49) of them shared the same PMQR genes with fecal-obtained isolates. This indicated that E. coli carrying PMQR genes and originating from feces in swine farms could spread to the external environment, which could be a potential threat to the public environment and human health.