nalidixic acid / Generic mfg. 
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  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Surveillance of Salmonella enterica serovar  Typhi in Colombia, 2012-2015. (Pubmed Central) -  May 15, 2020   
    The most common antimicrobial to which the organisms exhibited non-susceptibility was ampicillin (30/402;7.5%), followed by nalidixic acid (23/402, 5.7%)...The disease is widely distributed across the country and associated with multiple antimicrobial susceptible genotypes that appear to be restricted to Colombia. This study provides a current perspective for typhoid in Latin America and highlights the importance of pathogen-specific surveillance to add insight into the limited epidemiology of typhoid in this region.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of Co(III) complexes with quinolone drugs. (Pubmed Central) -  May 7, 2020   
    Interaction of 4 and 5 with calf thymus DNA studied by UV-Vis, flow linear dichroism, viscometry and DNA melting indicated the complexes to bind to DNA as intercalators. DNA electrophoresis revealed that, unlike Co(II) complexes, 4 and 5 are not capable of cleaving DNA, but they can inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase 5 being slightly more active than 4.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of C. jejuni Isolates from Italian Wild Bird Populations. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 25, 2020   
    Nine AMR genes (tet(O), cmeA, cmeB, cmeC, cmeR, aad, blaOXA-61, blaOXA-184 and erm(B)) and 23S rRNA and gyrA-associated point mutations were also described, indicating a concordance level between genotypic and phenotypic resistance of 23.3%, 23.4% and of 37.5% for streptomycin, tetracycline and quinolones/fluoroquinolones, respectively. We recommend that particular attention should be given to wild birds as key sentinel animals for the ecosystem contamination surveillance.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / Generic mfg., Garamycin (gentamicin sulfate) / Generic mfg., amoxicillin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from retail foods in northern Xinjiang, China. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 25, 2020   
    Virulence genes fimC, agg, stx2, fimA, fyuA, papA, stx1, and eaeA were found in 52, 34, 21, 19, 6, 3, 2, and 2 isolates, respectively; papC was not detected. There was a statistically significant association between fimC and resistance to ciprofloxacin (p = .001), gentamicin (p = .001), amikacin (p = .001), levofloxacin (p = .001), and streptomycin (p = .001); between fimA and resistance to tetracycline (p = .001), ampicillin (p = .001), compound trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (p = .001), and amoxicillin (p = .003); between agg and resistance to gentamicin (p = .001), tetracycline (p = .001), ciprofloxacin (p = .017), and levofloxacin (p = .001); and between stx2 and resistance to ampicillin (p = .001), tetracycline (p = .001), compound trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (p = .002), and amoxicillin (p = .015).
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / Generic mfg., Garamycin (gentamicin sulfate) / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Antimicrobial resistance patterns and molecular resistance markers of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from human diarrheal cases. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 17, 2020   
    This study expands the current understanding of how different genetic determinants and particular clones shape the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni in Belgium. It also reveals many questions in need of further investigation, such as the role of other undetermined molecular mechanisms that may potentially contribute to the antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter.
  • ||||||||||  Avelox (moxifloxacin) / Bayer
    Journal:  Enantiomeric profiling of quinolones and quinolones resistance gene qnrS in European wastewaters. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 16, 2020   
    For the first time, average population-normalised ulifloxacin loads of 22.3 and 1.5 mg day 1000 people were reported for Milan and Castellón as a result of prulifloxacin metabolism...Utrecht, with the lowest quinolones usage (low daily loads) had also one of the lowest daily loads of the qnrS gene. However, a similar trend was not observed in Oslo nor Bristol where higher qnrS gene loads were observed despite low quinolone usage.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Review, Journal:  DksA and DNA double-strand break repair. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 14, 2020   
    Cells lacking DksA are sensitive to multiple DNA damaging agents including UV light, ionizing radiation, mitomycin C, and nalidixic acid...Based on the requirement for DksA, both in repair of DSBs and the R-loop-dependent formation of new origins of DNA replication, we propose that DksA may allow for removal of RNAP without unwinding of the RNA:DNA hybrid, which can then be extended by a DNA polymerase. This mechanism obviates the need for RNAP backtracking to repair damaged DNA.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Difference of Phenotype and Genotype Between Human and Environmental: Isolated Vibrio cholerae in Surabaya, Indonesia. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 9, 2020   
    Regarding antibiotic susceptibilities, those isolates from environmental samples showed resistance to ampicillin (11.4%), streptomycin (9.1%) and nalidixic acid (2.3%) but those isolates from pediatric stools showed no resistance to those 3 kinds of antibiotics...All the ST69 strains were classified to O1 type with more than 95% similarity by ERIC-PCR, including all 6 (13.6%) isolates from environmental samples with resistance to streptomycin. In conclusion, V. cholerae O1 ST69 strains has been clonally spreading in Surabaya, exhibiting pathogenic factors and antibiotic resistance to streptomycin, especially in the isolates from environment.
  • ||||||||||  Garamycin (gentamicin sulfate) / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics among Escherichia coli from poultry in Western Algeria. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 9, 2020   
    The alarming rate of E. coli resistant to multiple first-line antibiotics in poultry demands intensified surveillance. These results call for taking drastic measures to preserve antibiotic effectiveness and reduce the emergence risks of extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant E. coli isolates.
  • ||||||||||  piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium / Generic mfg., nalidixic acid / Generic mfg., cefotaxime / Sedico
    Clinical, Journal:  Hospital wastewater treatment reduces NDM positive bacteria being discharged into water bodies. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 4, 2020   
    Among the treated effluent isolates, the high resistance was found toward ampicillin (85.71%) followed by cefotaxime (85.71%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (53.57%)...Untreated hospital wastewater is found to be important reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria carrying bla and the presence of such bacteria in the effluents is a matter of great concern because they can contribute the antibiotic resistance to the natural environment. However, the absence of NDM in treated effluents emphasizes the importance of effluent treatment in reducing the dissemination of antibiotic- resistant bacteria.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  The mutational landscape of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 3, 2020   
    Resistance mutations had deleterious impacts on one or more growth parameters, suggesting that quinolone resistance mutations are generally costly. Our findings suggest that the prevalence of specific gyrA alleles amongst clinical isolates are driven by high levels of resistance, at no more cost than other resistance alleles.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Laboratory testing and tracing analysis of a typhoid epidemic in Jiangyin city, Jiangsu Province (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 25, 2020   
    The results of drug susceptibility showed that 15 strains were resistant to nalidixic acid...Combined with the epidemiological investigation and laboratory test results, it was determined that the outbreak was caused by genetic clone of the same Salmonella typhi. Food processing plant should be one of the key links.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Effect of Specimen Processing, Growth Supplement, and Different Metabolic Population of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Laboratory Diagnosis (PENNSYLVANIA CONVENTION CENTER, Room 118 B-C (100 Level)) -  Mar 15, 2020 - Abstract #ATS2020ATS_4082;    
    PFGE combined with MLVA should be powerful tools for the molecular genotyping of S. Enteritidis isolates. Samples processing method negatively affect the laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis, polymyxin-B and nalidixic acid have anti-tuberculosis efficacy at high concentrations, and the doubling time of different metabolic population should be considered when deciding the time-in-protocol for the MGIT system.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Salmonella Enteritidis reduction in layer ceca with a Bacillus probiotic. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 13, 2020   
    On day 3 of the trial, all birds were orally administered 3×10 CFU of a nalidixic acid-resistant SE...The reduction between control and probiotic and control and YC was significant (p=0.021). This study demonstrates the ability of the novel probiotic and the YC to reduce the load of SE in layer ceca.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg., cefotaxime / Sedico
    Journal:  Genome-Based Analysis of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in the Aquatic Environment and Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) of Lake Victoria, Tanzania. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 11, 2020   
    A total of 180 samples of Nile perch and 60 water samples were screened for ESBL-producing E. coli on MacConkey agar supplemented with 2 μg/ml of cefotaxime and confirmed by bla and bla PCR...Isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (100%), ampicillin/cloxacillin (100%), erythromycin 72.7% (8/11), tetracycline 90.9% (10/11), and nalidixic acid 63.6% (7/11)...Strains formed three clonal clusters of unknown origin. This study reveals that the Lake may serve as reservoir for ESBL-producing bacteria that can be transmitted by fish as a food chain hazard of One-Health concern.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Molecular characterization of quinolone resistant Shigella spp. isolates from patients in Ardabil, Iran. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 10, 2020   
    Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was evaluated using Kirby Bauer method and finally, the MICs of ciprofloxacin were determined...Most of isolates (82%) were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX); 51% were nalidixic acid resistant and 4.4% were floroquinolones resistant...This study provided information on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella isolates in Ardabil province, Iran. Also this study showed a high-level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics among Shigella isolates.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin / Generic mfg., Garamycin (gentamicin sulfate) / Generic mfg., amoxicillin / Generic mfg.
    Retrospective data, Review, Journal:  Pattern of Antibacterial Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 7, 2020   
    The most effective antibiotics for E. coli were imipenem, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. Considering this study, it had better, use less gentamicin, second-generation cephalosporins, and nalidixic acid in the initial treatment of infections caused by E. coli, and no use penicillins, tetracyclines, cotrimoxazole, and first-generation cephalosporins.