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  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  The insect antimicrobial peptide cecropin A disrupts uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilms. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 23, 2021   
    Here, we show that the insect antimicrobial peptide cecropin A (CecA) can destroy planktonic and sessile biofilm-forming UPEC cells, either alone or when combined with the antibiotic nalidixic acid (NAL), synergistically clearing infection in vivo without off-target cytotoxicity...These diverse targets ensure that resistance to the CecA + NAL combination emerges slowly. The antimicrobial mechanisms of CecA, thus, extend beyond pore-forming activity to include an unanticipated biofilm-eradication process, offering an alternative approach to combat antibiotic-resistant UPEC infections.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg., gentamicin sulfate / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Evaluating the efficacy of peracetic acid on Salmonella and Campylobacter on chicken wings at various pH levels. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 23, 2021   
    Immersion time and the higher pH of antimicrobial solutions did not affect (P > 0.05) the antimicrobial efficacy of PAA (50 or 500 ppm) against Campylobacter. The antimicrobial efficacy of PAA was not affected by pH of the antimicrobial solutions, and longer exposure time and higher PAA concentrations improve the antimicrobial efficacy.
  • ||||||||||  cefotaxime / Sedico
    Journal:  Salmonella serovars associated with Grenadian tree boa (Corallus grenadensis) and their antimicrobial susceptibility. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 16, 2021   
    Antimicrobial susceptibility tests conducted by a disc diffusion method against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed that drug resistance is minimal, with intermediate susceptibility, only to streptomycin. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella serovars from wild Grenadian tree boas.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg., tetracycline / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Phenotypic and genomic characterization of Pseudomonas putida ITEM 17297 spoiler of fresh vegetables: Focus on biofilm and antibiotic resistance interaction. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 16, 2021   
    Based on these results, underestimated psychrotrophic pseudomonas, such as the herein studied ITEM 17297 strain, might assume relevance in relation to the risk associated with the transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes to humans through cold stored contaminated foods. P. putida biofilm and AR related molecular targets herein identified will provide a basis to clarify the interaction between AR and biofilm formation and to develop novel strategies to counteract the persistence of multidrug resistant P. putida in the food chain.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin oral / Generic mfg., nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in Escherichia coli in the French community, The Times They Are A-Changin'? (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 11, 2021   
    P. putida biofilm and AR related molecular targets herein identified will provide a basis to clarify the interaction between AR and biofilm formation and to develop novel strategies to counteract the persistence of multidrug resistant P. putida in the food chain. Here we report a decrease in the prevalence of E. coli isolates resistant to 3GCs and quinolones in outpatients in the context of significant decreasing consumption of these two antibiotic classes.
  • ||||||||||  cefotaxime / Sedico
    Journal:  Patterns of resistance to antimicrobials in serovars of Salmonella enterica in Peru, 2012-2015 (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 9, 2021   
    Strategies to manage the risk of Cronobacter infections due to the consumption of these alternative feeds need to be developed by the regulatory agencies. We found a high frequency of S. Infantis producing ESBL with multi-resistance to the antimicrobials in human and nonhuman samples received by the National Institute of Health.
  • ||||||||||  ceftriaxone / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  From Farm-to-Fork: E. Coli from an Intensive Pig Production System in South Africa Shows High Resistance to Critically Important Antibiotics for Human and Animal Use. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 14, 2021   
    Resistance was also observed to chloramphenicol (71.4%), ampicillin (71.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (43.8%), cephalexin (34.3%), azithromycin (23.9%), nalidixic acid (22.1%), cefoxitin (21.1%), ceftriaxone (18.9%), ciprofloxacin (17.3%), cefotaxime (16.9%), gentamicin (15.5%), cefepime (13.8%), ceftazidime (9.8%), amikacin (3.4%), piperacillin-tazobactam (1.2%), tigecycline (0.9%), and imipenem (0.3%)...Of concern was resistance to critically important antibiotics for animal and human use and the watch and reserve categories of antibiotics. This could have adverse animal and human health consequences from a food safety perspective, necessitating efficient antibiotic stewardship and guidelines to streamline antibiotic use in the food-animal production chain.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli from retail poultry meats in Korea. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 7, 2021   
    The most prevalent types of antimicrobial resistance in these E. coli strains from poultry meat were to nalidixic acid (75.7%), ampicillin (69.1%), and tetracycline (64.0%), consistent with national sales data for veterinary antibiotics in the Korean poultry production industry...Contamination may occur during slaughtering and subsequent processing, and antibiotic use is permitted in certain cases under organic or antibiotic free poultry standards. Therefore, close surveillance is required throughout the chicken production chain to prevent the spread of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli strains.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin oral / Generic mfg., nalidixic acid / Generic mfg., gentamicin sulfate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Genomic Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Plasmids in Salmonella Serovars from Poultry in Nigeria. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 28, 2021   
    Multiple ARGs were predicted to be located on IncN and IncQ1 plasmids of S. Schwarzengrund and S. Muenster, and most qnrB19 genes were carried by Col (pHAD28) plasmids. Seventy-two percent (19/24) of S. Kentucky strains carried multidrug ARGs located in two distinct variants of Salmonella genomic island I. The majority of strains carried full SPI-1 and SPI-2 islands, suggesting full virulence potential.
  • ||||||||||  Contepo (ZTI-01) / Nabriva
    Journal:  Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Humans and Domestic Animals. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 22, 2021   
    However, imipenem and meropenem were effective against all isolates...A new fosfomycin-resistant gene, fosA7, was detected in strains from humans, cattle, and sheep...These results provide a reference to monitor the emergence and spread of multidrug resistant STEC strains among animals and humans. Furthermore, with a better understanding of antimicrobial genotypes and phenotypes among the diverse STEC strains obtained, this study could guide the administration of antimicrobial drugs in STEC infections when necessary.
  • ||||||||||  ceftriaxone / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, PFGE and MLST characterization of Salmonella in swine mesenteric lymph nodes. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 21, 2021   
    The antibiotics with lower resistance rates were cephalothin and aztreonam (both with 3.3% resistant), and ceftriaxone and cefepime (both with 7.7%)...The high prevalence of the pathogen, with its high rates of antibiotics resistance and belonging to genetic groups that are often associated with disease in humans, shows that the production chain of pork is a potential source of infection in salmonellosis cases. Therefore, effective preventive measures for pathogen control are needed to reduce the risk of foodborne diseases.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin oral / Generic mfg., nalidixic acid / Generic mfg., gentamicin sulfate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Rates of fluoroquinolone resistance in domestically acquired Campylobacter jejuni are increasing in people living within a model study location in Canada. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 15, 2021   
    The prevalence of resistance to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, and gentamicin was low during the examination period (≤4.8%)...Resistance rates to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid increased substantially over the examination period, with a maximal fluoroquinolone resistance (FQR) prevalence of 28.9% in 2016...Moreover, the majority of FQR C. jejuni subtypes (82.6%) were endemic in Canada, primarily linked to cattle and chicken reservoirs; 18.4% of FQR isolates were assigned to three subtypes, predominantly associated with cattle. Study findings indicate the need to prioritize FQR monitoring in C. jejuni infections in Canada, and to elucidate the dynamics of the emergence and transmission of resistant C. jejuni strains within and from cattle and chicken reservoirs.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin oral / Generic mfg., nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Laboratory investigation for one gastroenteritis outbreak caused by Campylobacter jejuni (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 9, 2021   
    No mutation in 23S rRNA was found and the C257T mutation in gyrA was identified in this isolate. Laboratory analysis indicated that Campylobacter jejuni infection might be the major cause of this gastroenteritis outbreak.
  • ||||||||||  cefotaxime / Sedico
    Preclinical, Journal:  Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from urban rodents in Hanoi, Vietnam. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 7, 2021   
    However, our findings show the carriage of AMR and MDR E. coli in urban rodents and highlight the potential risk of rodents in Hanoi acting as a reservoir of transferable MDR E. coli, including ESBL-producing, colistin-resistant E. coli, and virulence-associated with DEC.
  • ||||||||||  Stelara (ustekinumab) / J&J
    Review, Journal:  Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Critical Assessment of Drug-Induced Causes. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 6, 2021   
    Our review attempts to identify DIIH-associated drugs based on a strict diagnostic and drug-causality algorithm, then stratify them into appropriate risks categories. This may ultimately assist physicians in counselling patients about the risk of DIIH when prescribing medications and recognizing this uncommon yet sight-threatening condition.
  • ||||||||||  Avelox (moxifloxacin) / Bayer
    Clinical, Journal:  Fluoroquinolone resistant bacterial isolates from the urinary tract among patients attending hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 31, 2020   
    antibiotic susceptibility testing of the first generation quinolones such as nalidixic acid in hospitalized patients, patients with history of fluoroquinolones' use in the last 12 months and wrong prescription of antibiotics should be adopted to avoid fluoroquinolone abuse. For empiric treatment of UTIs in Bushenyi District, ciprofloxacin still remains the first line of choice among the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics.
  • ||||||||||  ciprofloxacin oral / Generic mfg., nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Clinical cases, drug resistance, and virulence genes profiling in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 30, 2020   
    In contrast to cnf1, the cdtB gene was absent in the isolated UPEC strains in this investigation. The most ineffective antibiotics were recognized as Penicillin, Tetracycline, and Nalidixic acid, respectively, while Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, and Ciprofloxacin are the best options for UTIs treatment.
  • ||||||||||  rifampicin / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Impact of pH on efficacy of peroxy acetic acid against Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli on chicken wings. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 29, 2020   
    Higher concentrations and longer exposure times resulted in greater reductions (P ≤ 0.05) of Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter populations, and increasing pH of PAA solution did not affect (P > 0.05) its efficacy. A high correlation (r = 0.93) was observed between E. coli (surrogate) and Salmonella populations suggesting that E. coli can be used as a surrogate for Salmonella for conducting validation studies for antimicrobial efficacy testing in poultry processing.
  • ||||||||||  ceftriaxone / Generic mfg., ceftazidime / Generic mfg., amoxicillin / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Serotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica recovered from clinical swine samples. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 29, 2020   
    However, all tested isolates were susceptible to AX/clavulanic acid and fosfomycin. High resistance levels to the third generation of cephalosporins such as CAZ, CRO, and CTX highlight the need for careful and reasonable usage of antimicrobials in animals and humans, especially for S. Choleraesuis infections.
  • ||||||||||  nalidixic acid / Generic mfg.
    Clinical, Journal:  Pooling of laying hen environmental swabs and efficacy of Salmonella spp. detection. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 23, 2020   
    Resistant isolates of Salmonella serovars Enteritidis (1,000 ppm of streptomycin), Heidelberg (200 ppm of nalidixic acid [NA]), Typhimurium (200 ppm of NA), and Kentucky (200 ppm of NA) were utilized...When SE and SK were combined in an inoculum, SE was recovered at a much higher rate than SK for all types of swabs and doses of inocula. Pooling of two drag swabs allowed for similar detection of low and high dose  Salmonella  tested in the current study, but the pooling of manure scraper swabs decreased detection of low dose  Salmonella .
  • ||||||||||  ceftriaxone / Generic mfg., meropenem / Generic mfg., ceftazidime / Generic mfg.
    Retrospective data, Journal:  Prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella serotypes in Iran: a meta-analysis. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 18, 2020   
    Findings of the present study showed a rising trend of resistance to the drugs of choice for the treatment of Salmonella infections, i.e. ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Iran. However, ciprofloxacin, third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems are still effective antibiotics especially against multi-drug resistant strains in Iran.