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  • ||||||||||  dihydroergotamine mesylate injection / Generic mfg., hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Dihydroergotamine Increases Histamine Brain Levels and Improves Memory in a Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia Model. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 17, 2024   
    Additionally, the effects in memory produced by DHE were blocked by pre-treatment with pyrilamine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) administered 30 min before the training in the NOR paradigm and MWM. These findings allow us to demonstrate that DHE improves memory in a scopolamine-induced amnesia model through increasing histamine levels at the hippocampus due to its activity as an HNMT inhibitor.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Coal-Derived Humic Substances: Insight into Chemical Structure Parameters and Biomedical Properties. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 17, 2024   
    Furthermore, intragastric administration in mice with cholinergic dysfunction led to a higher ability of animals with scopolamine-induced amnesia to form conditioned reflexes. These findings suggest that the studied HS sample is a safe and effective natural substance, making it suitable for use as a dietary bioactive supplement.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Novel pyrrole based CB2 agonists: New insights on CB2 receptor role in regulating neurotransmitters' tone. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 8, 2024   
    Therefore, we extended our study by investigating the interconnection between CB2 activation and neurotransmission in this experimental paradigm. To this purpose, we performed a MALDI imaging analysis on mice brains, observing that the administration of our lead compound was able to revert the effect of scopolamine on different neurotransmitter tones, such as acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA, shedding light on important networks not fully explored, so far.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Prophylactic and therapeutic inhalation of two essential oils ameliorates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 1, 2024   
    Lemongrass essential oil with diverse monoterpenoids can be as effective as or a little bit more potent than eugenol-rich clover essential oil possibly due to the synergistic effect of various monoterpenoids. These findings implied that sniffing of such aroma recipes could be a promising complementary approach for the mitigation of Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairment.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Quercetin-loaded nanoemulsions prevent Scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity in male rats. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 18, 2024   
    However, QCT-NE treatment was more effective than free QCT to inhibit oxidative damage and was well correlated with histopathological findings. Taken together, QCT-NE, compared to QCT, was superior in ameliorating SCO-induced AD-like symptoms due to its better neuroprotective activity and can be considered a novel supplementary therapeutic agent in AD management.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg., fluoxetine / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  A novel dual serotonin transporter and M-channel inhibitor D01 for antidepression and cognitive improvement. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 15, 2024   
    Furthermore, D01 reverses the long-term potentiation (LTP) inhibition induced by scopolamine. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that D01, a dual-target serotonin reuptake and M channel inhibitor, is highly effective in the treatment-resistant depression and cognitive deficits, thus holding potential for development as therapy of depression with cognitive deficits.
  • ||||||||||  metamizole / Generic mfg.
    ACROSS THE BORDER: A METAMIZOLE DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY (Hall A, Poster Hall - Walter E. Washington Convention Center) -  Mar 14, 2024 - Abstract #DDW2024DDW_5904;    
    Conclusion Metamizole use is under-reported as a case of DILI in literature likely due to its discontinued use in the U.S. We aim to highlight that metamizole use is common and may be underrecognized in predominantly Latin American immigrant populations. As clinicians, it is important to recognize the use of medications used internationally and obtain a thorough medical history from patients, despite their banned status in the United States.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Oral Administration of Euonymus alatus Leaf Extract Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Phenotypes in 5xFAD Transgenic Mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 13, 2024   
    Our previous study showed that the ethanol extract of Euonymus alatus leaves (EA) positively affected scopolamine-induced hypomnesia in the normal mouse model by promoting nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation...Interestingly, our data demonstrated that the effectiveness was partially attributed to quercetin, which was noted to be a component of EA. Hence, these findings suggest that a long-term administration of EA could alleviate AD symptoms and delay its progression.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Vanillin derivatives as antiamnesic agents in scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 29, 2024   
    Cocaine, levamisole, and a cocaine-levamisole mixture can induce NETosis through mechanisms involving muscarinic receptors and calcium-dependent pathways. The compounds; SB-1, SB-3, SB-4 and SB-6 more potently inhibited AChE with IC50 values of 0.078, 0.157, 0.108, and 0.014
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  A Combination of Heavy Metals and Intracellular Pathway Modulators Induces Alzheimer Disease-like Pathologies in Organotypic Brain Slices. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 28, 2024   
    Intracellular pathway modulators (scopolamine, wortmannin, MHY1485) significantly boosted tau NFT-like pathologies...The results highlight that we could harness the potential of the collagen hydrogel-based spreading of human A?42 and P301S aggregated tau, along with pharmacological manipulation, to produce pathologies relevant to AD. The results offer a novel ex vivo organotypic slice model to investigate AD pathologies with potential applications for screening drugs or therapies in the future.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Functional divergence of two arginine decarboxylase genes in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis and root growth in Atropa belladonna. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 26, 2024   
    However, it had no noticeable effect on the levels of N-methylputrescine and the TAs hyoscyamine, anisodamine, and scopolamine...According to ?-glucuronidase (GUS) staining assays, AbADC1 was mainly expressed in the root elongation and division region while AbADC2 was mainly expressed in the cylinder of the root maturation region. These differences in expression led to functional divergence, with AbADC1 primarily regulating root growth and AbADC2 contributing to TA biosynthesis.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Pharmacologic Management of Sialorrhea in Neonatal and Pediatric Patients. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 9, 2024   
    Glycopyrrolate, atropine, scopolamine, and trihexyphenidyl all have a potential role for sialorrhea management in children; however, glycopyrrolate remains the most studied option with 374 (n = 52.0%) of the 719 patients included in the systematic review receiving this medication...Patient-specific (age, route of administration) and medication-specific (dosage formulation, medication strength) considerations must be weighed when initiating a new therapy or switching to another medication upon treatment failure. Owing to the high propensity of adverse events with all agents, clinicians should consider initiating doses at the lower end of the dosage range, as previous studies have noted a dose-dependent relationship.
  • ||||||||||  dizocilpine (MK801) / Merck (MSD)
    Journal:  Assessing NH300094, a novel dopamine and serotonin receptor modulator with cognitive enhancement property for treating schizophrenia. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 8, 2024   
    Furthermore, the safety window for extrapyramidal side effects of NH300094 is significantly wider than that of Risperidone (For NH300094, mice catalepsy model ED50/ Mice MK-801 model ED50 = 104.6-fold; for Risperidone, mice catalepsy model ED50/ Mice MK-801 model ED50 = 12.9-fold), which suggests a potentially better clinical safety profile for NH300094. NH300094 is a novel potent serotonin and dopamine receptors modulator, which has good safety profile and therapeutic potential for the treatment of schizophrenia with cognition disorders.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Design, Synthesis, and Biological Investigation of Quinazoline Derivatives as Multitargeting Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 8, 2024   
    Additionally, compound AV-2 significantly ameliorated scopolamine and A?-induced cognitive impairments in the in vivo behavioral Y-maze and Morris water maze studies, respectively...The in silico molecular modeling studies of lead compound AV-2 moreover demonstrated a reasonable binding profile with AChE and BACE-1 enzymes and stable ligand-protein complexes throughout the 100 ns run. Compound AV-2 can be regarded as the lead candidate and could be explored more for AD therapy.
  • ||||||||||  hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg., ranolazine ER / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Neuroprotective effect of ranolazine improves behavioral discrepancies in a rat model of scopolamine-induced dementia. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 7, 2024   
    The majority of pyramidal neurons had large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli and appeared to be more or less normal, reflecting the all-beneficial effects of Rn when the hippocampal tissue was examined under a microscope. Our findings indicated that Rn, through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, as well as the control of the expression of GFAP, BDNF, and Tau proteins, has a novel neuroprotective impact against scopolamine-induced dementia in rats.
  • ||||||||||  ifenprodil tartrate / Chiba University Hospital
    Journal:  Phenoxytacrine derivatives: Low-toxicity neuroprotectants exerting affinity to ifenprodil-binding site and cholinesterase inhibition. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 5, 2024   
    Finally, compound I-52, showing only minor affinity to AChE, was identified as a lead candidate with favorable behavioral and neuroprotective effects using open-field and prepulse inhibition tests, along with scopolamine-based behavioral and NMDA-induced hippocampal lesion models. Our data show that compound I-52 exhibits low toxicity often associated with NMDA receptor ligands, and low hepatotoxicity, often related to THA-based compounds.