Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty 
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  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Compatibility of early natural enemy introductions in commercial pepper and tomato greenhouses with repeated pesticide applications. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 18, 2020   
    In tomato, flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole (IOBC category 1) were compatible with N. tenuis, but chlorpyrifos-methyl and spinosad (IOBC categories 2-3), which effectively reduced Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) density, compromised its predatory activity. In sweet pepper, chlorantraniliprole (IOBC category 1) was the only pesticide compatible with O. laevigatus while chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, spirotetramat and pymetrozine were harmless (IOBC category 1) to Amblyseius swirskii, and sulfoxaflor slightly harmful (IOBC category 2) to this phytoseiid predator.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Chironomus riparius Proteome Responses to Spinosad Exposure. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 17, 2020   
    Present results suggest that protein profile changes can be used as early warning biomarkers of pesticide exposure and may provide a better mechanistic interpretation of the toxic response of organisms, aiding in the assessment of the ecological effects of environmental contamination. This work also contributes to the understanding of the sublethal effects of insecticides in invertebrates and their molecular targets.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Field detection and predicted evolution of spinosad resistance in Ceratitis capitata. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 26, 2020   
    Our modelling simulations indicate that the best option to delay the appearance of spinosad resistance would be its rotation with other insecticides without cross-resistance. The integrated F1 screen/molecular genetic analysis presented here can be used for future monitoring studies.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal, Adverse events:  Side effects of toxic bait formulations on Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 7, 2020   
    Additionally, these formulations did not reduce the parasitism and emergence rate of the F generation of D. longicaudata in C. capitata larvae. Formulations of toxic baits based on spinosyn are suitable for the management of C. capitata together with the parasitoid D. longicaudata.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Multiple mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Ccα6 gene associated with resistance to spinosad in medfly. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 11, 2020   
    We report here the selection of a medfly strain highly resistant to spinosad, JW-100 s, and we identify three recessive Ccα6 mutant alleles in the JW-100 s population: (i) Ccα6 containing a point mutation that generates a premature stop codon on exon 3a (3aQ68*); (ii) Ccα6 containing a point mutation in the 5' splicing site of exon 3a (3aAG > AT); and (iii) Ccα6 that contains the mutation 3aQ68* and another point mutation on exon 10 (K352*). Though our analysis of the susceptibility to spinosad in field populations indicates that resistance has not yet evolved, a better understanding of the mechanism of action of spinosad is essential to implement sustainable management practices to avoid the development of resistance in field populations.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Attract and kill: Spinosad containing spheres to control onion maggot (Delia antiqua). (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 9, 2020   
    The importance of this information for implementing insect resistance management strategies is discussed in this paper. Implementation of this attract and kill strategy could be a valuable tool in situations where conventional pesticides are either not available or desired, where additional control techniques are needed, or to provide a season-long option for control of D. antiqua populations.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal, Adverse events:  Side effects of chlorantraniliprole, phosalone and spinosad on the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 5, 2020   
    The results suggest that all compounds are not fully compatible with the activity of T. brassicae, and that the inclusion of chlorantraniprole, spinosad and phosalone into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) involving this parasitoid has to be avoided. Nevertheless, further studies in open field conditions and on a multiple generation scale are necessary for providing a more definitive conclusion on the IPM suitability of the three tested insectcides.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Properties, toxicity and current applications of the biolarvicide spinosad. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 1, 2020   
    Thus, the present review was undertaken to describe the properties and characteristics of spinosad. In addition to indicating potential adverse effects on living organisms, alternative uses of the biopesticide as a mixture with different compounds are provided.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    [VIRTUAL] Arthropod relationships with hemp and options for management in Virginia (On Demand Oral) -  Aug 20, 2020 - Abstract #ACSFall2020ACS-Fall_1974;    
    Results suggest that defoliating insects are likely not a concern for physical yield (grain seed weight or CBD bud weight). However, questions remain as to whether phytochemical, or cannabinoid, production in hemp is altered by arthropod herbivory.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    [VIRTUAL] Evaluation of biological insecticides to aid arthropod pest management in hemp (On Demand Poster) -  Aug 20, 2020 - Abstract #ACSFall2020ACS-Fall_1902;    
    Most products evaluated in our studies are currently allowed to be applied to hemp in many states and will likely soon have hemp permanently added to the label. At the current time and looking ahead, successful arthropod pest management in hemp will continue to be a challenge due to legal restrictions surrounding pesticide use in the crop.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Comparative Toxicity of Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Selected Insecticides. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 17, 2020   
    Indoxacarb was the least toxic to H. zea, with an LC of 0.21 µg a.i./cm. These findings could serve as a comparative reference for monitoring the susceptibility of H. armigera and H. zea to indoxacarb, methomyl, spinetoram, and spinosad in Puerto Rico, and may facilitate the detection of field-selected resistance for these two species and their potential hybrids in areas recently invaded by H. armigera.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Sex-dependent locomotion and physiological responses shape the insecticidal susceptibility of parasitoid wasps. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 11, 2020   
    Compared to D. longicaudata females, male wasps were lighter (P < 0.001), walked for longer distances (P < 0.001) and periods (P < 0.001), and exhibited higher sensilla densities in their tarsi (P = 0.008), which may facilitate their intoxication with the insecticide. These findings indicate that male parasitoids should not be exempt from insecticide selectivity tests, as these organisms can be significantly more affected by such environmental challenges than their female conspecifics.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty, ivermectin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Fitness consequences of the combined effects of veterinary and agricultural pesticides on a non-target insect. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 28, 2020   
    Our results document adverse effects of the combination of different chemicals on fitness components of a dung insect, highlighting transgenerational effects of adult exposure to contaminants for their offspring. These findings suggest that ecotoxicological tests should consider the combination of different contaminants for more accurate eco-assessments.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Preclinical, Review, Journal:  Integration of microbial biopesticides in greenhouse floriculture: The Canadian experience. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 27, 2020   
    As commercial microbial insecticides have come to market, research to generate efficacy data has assisted their registration in Canada, and the development and adaptation of integrated programs has promoted uptake by floriculture growers. This review documents some of the work done to integrate microbial insecticides into chrysanthemum and poinsettia production systems, outlines current use practices, and identifies opportunities to improve efficacy in Canadian floriculture crops.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Development and full validation of a multiresidue method for the analysis of a wide range of pesticides in processed fruit by UHPLC-MS/MS. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 11, 2020   
    Pesticides were quantified using matrix-matched calibration, and the method was validated in terms of relative retention time window, linearity (6-167 µg kg and 0.6-16.7 µg kg, coefficient R ≥ 0.98), trueness (recovery of 70-120%), selectivity, precision (RSD ≤ 20%), limits of quantification (LOQs = 0.6-6.0 µg kg) and uncertainty. Finally, the method was applied to the routine analysis of 103 samples of processed fruits, detecting the presence of several pesticide residues, such as fluopyram, spinosad or cyprodinil (0.006-0.22 mg kg).
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Combined thermal and insecticidal stresses on the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 11, 2020   
    Anthranilic diamides showed a safer ecotoxicological profile compared to spinosyns, with cyantraniliprole being more harmful than chlorantraniliprole. These results suggest that temperature should be taken into account in pesticide ecotoxicology studies within the framework of integrated pest management and the recent climate changes.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Characterization of pyridalyl resistance in a laboratory-selected strain of Frankliniella occidentalis. (Pubmed Central) -  May 30, 2020   
    Enhanced metabolic detoxification is possibly involved in resistance in PY-R, which caused significant fitness costs. Thus, pyridalyl will likely prove useful in the field for controlling F. occidentalis in China, and development of resistance could be delayed by rotating pyridalyl with other chemical agents lacking cross-resistance.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  House fly resistance to chlorantraniliprole: Cross resistance patterns, stability and associated fitness costs. (Pubmed Central) -  May 21, 2020   
    When cross-resistance is absent, a sequence of two insecticides is expected to be more durable than a mixture unless the population's h of resistance to the mixture is less than half of the mean of the population's h of resistance to the two individual components of the mixture. Unstable chlorantraniliprole resistance could also help to sustain its efficacy by being withdrawn from usage for some period of time.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Environmental risk for aquatic and terrestrial organisms associated with drift from pesticides used in soybean crops. (Pubmed Central) -  May 19, 2020   
    In general, aquatic organisms are the most sensitive to drift contamination, being chlorothalonil, trifluralin and chlorpyrifos the ones that presented the higher risk indexes. No risk was found for earthworms; in contrast, the insecticides chlorpyrifos, spinosad and thiamethoxam presented risks to bees regardless of the nozzle (droplet size) used for the determination of the drift curve, resulting in the demand for different buffer zones.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Spinosad application in an apple orchard affects both the abundance of the spider Araneus diadematus and its web construction behaviour. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 30, 2020   
    The study of the other web characteristics indicated that spiders did not modify the capture area but rather significantly decreased their investment in silk at D + 6 and D + 10 by reducing the number of radii and spiral turns. Overall, the application of spinosad (Success4®), representing a triple disturbance (mechanical, toxicological and alimentary), has a negative impact on the orb web spider A. diadematus and should thus be used with caution if growers want to promote the contribution of these spiders to natural biocontrol in their fields.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Assessment of Yersinia entomophaga as a control agent of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 24, 2020   
    The bacterium was found to multiply within the P. xylostella larvae to 5.8 × 10 cells per larva, while the median lethal dose (LD) was determined as 2.69 × 10 cells per larva. Importantly, B. thuringiensis Cry1A-resistant, Cry1C-resistant, indoxacarb/pyrethroid-resistant, and Spinosad-resistant P. xylostella larvae were susceptible to Y. entomophaga.
  • ||||||||||  Natroba (spinosad) / Royalty
    Journal:  Esterase-mediated spinosad resistance in house flies Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 17, 2020   
    Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis further indicated a strong relationship between these four mutations and spinosad resistance. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR revealed a female-linked MdαE7 expression pattern in the N-SRS strain, which may contribute to sex-differential spinosad resistance in house flies.