larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma 
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  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Phase classification:  AT1001 for the Treatment of Long COVID (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Mar 6, 2024   
    P2,  N=48, Recruiting, 
    A deeper understanding of the complex interplay among zonulin, intestinal permeability, and CIDs is crucial, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies and personalized approaches to patient care. Phase classification: P2a --> P2
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Enrollment open:  AT1001 for the Treatment of Long COVID (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Jun 22, 2023   
    P2a,  N=48, Recruiting, 
    This study confirms that bromelain and ficin mixture could be effective in improving the symptoms of CeD. Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Review, Journal:  Zonulin as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Disorders: Encouraging Results and Emerging Questions. (Pubmed Central) -  May 2, 2023   
    In addition to focusing on the effect of microbiome on intestinal zonulin release, we also summarize potential pharmaceutical approaches to modulate zonulin-associated pathways with larazotide acetate and other zonulin receptor agonists or antagonists. The present review also addresses the emerging issues, including the use of misleading nomenclature or the unsolved questions about the exact protein sequence of zonulin.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    New P2a trial:  AT1001 for the Treatment of Long COVID (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Feb 28, 2023   
    P2a,  N=48, Not yet recruiting, 
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Enrollment change, Trial completion date, Trial termination, Trial primary completion date:  Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Larazotide Acetate for the Relief of CeD Symptoms (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Jul 26, 2022   
    P3,  N=307, Terminated, 
    Taken together, these studies document a pathway by which RG strains from Lupus patients contribute to a leaky gut and features of autoimmunity implicated in the pathogenesis of flares of clinical Lupus disease. N=630 --> 307 | Trial completion date: Dec 2021 --> Jul 2022 | Recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: Aug 2021 --> Jul 2022; Trial terminated by Sponsor
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Journal:  Tight junction regulation in celiac disease: role of larazotide acetate. (Pubmed Central) -  Apr 29, 2022   
    N=630 --> 307 | Trial completion date: Dec 2021 --> Jul 2022 | Recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: Aug 2021 --> Jul 2022; Trial terminated by Sponsor No abstract available
  • ||||||||||  latiglutenase (IMGX003) / Immunogenics, larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Review, Journal:  Current pharmacological approaches and potential future therapies for Celiac disease. (Pubmed Central) -  Jan 27, 2022   
    AT-1001 aims to close the villi's tight junctions, while IMGX-003 acts as a gluten endopeptidase that degrades gluten before being absorbed in the small intestine. This review article summarizes the various preclinical research and clinical trials being conducted and specifies the mechanism by which these drugs function.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Enrollment open:  AT1001 for the Treatment of COVID-19 Related MIS-C (clinicaltrials.gov) -  Oct 11, 2021   
    P2a,  N=20, Recruiting, 
    This review article summarizes the various preclinical research and clinical trials being conducted and specifies the mechanism by which these drugs function. Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Preclinical, Journal:  Larazotide acetate induces recovery of ischemia-injured porcine jejunum via repair of tight junctions. (Pubmed Central) -  Sep 29, 2021   
    We conclude that LA stimulates repair of ischemic-injured epithelium at the level of the tight junctions, at an optimal dose of 1 μM LA. Higher doses were less effective because of inhibition by LA fragments, which could be subverted by chirally-modifying the molecule, or microdosing LA.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Journal:  Larazotide Acetate: A Pharmacological Peptide Approach to Tight Junction Regulation. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 28, 2021   
    More recently, LA has been linked to inhibition of myosin light chain kinase, which likely reduces tension on actin filaments, thereby facilitating tight junction closure. Small (rodent) and large (porcine) animal studies have been conducted that demonstrate the importance of LA as a tight junction regulatory peptide in conditions other than celiac disease, including collagen-induced arthritis in mice and intestinal ischemic injury in pigs.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Clinical, Journal:  Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is driven by zonulin-dependent loss of gut mucosal barrier. (Pubmed Central) -  Jul 24, 2021   
    Small (rodent) and large (porcine) animal studies have been conducted that demonstrate the importance of LA as a tight junction regulatory peptide in conditions other than celiac disease, including collagen-induced arthritis in mice and intestinal ischemic injury in pigs. These mechanistic data of MIS-C pathogenesis provide insight into targets for diagnosing, treating, and preventing MIS-C, which are urgently needed for this increasingly common severe COVID-19-related disease in children.
  • ||||||||||  Acomplia (rimonabant) / Sanofi, larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma, Galafold (migalastat) / Amicus
    Preclinical, Journal:  Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate ∆ -THC dependence: Mouse and human studies. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 11, 2021   
    Finally, the human genetic association studies indicated that variations in the genes that code for the α5, α3, β4, and α6 nAChRs were associated with cannabis disorder phenotypes. Overall, these findings suggest that α3β4* and α6β4* nAChR subtypes represent viable targets for the development of medications to counteract THC dependence.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Journal:  In silico Analysis Revealed Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Activity by the Zonulin Inhibitor Larazotide Acetate. (Pubmed Central) -  Feb 2, 2021   
    Combined, these studies suggest that AT1001, besides its well-demonstrated effect in ameliorating mucosal permeability in ALI/ARDS, may also exert a direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect by blocking the M. AT1001 has been used extensively in a variety of animal models of ALI demonstrating robust safety and efficacy; it is currently in phase 3 trials in celiac subjects showing strong safety and efficacy profiles. We therefore propose its use as a specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 multitargeting treatment for the current pandemic.
  • ||||||||||  latiglutenase (IMGX003) / Immunogenics, larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Review, Journal:  Therapeutic options for coeliac disease: What else beyond gluten-free diet? (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 18, 2020   
    Most developing therapies are only in the pre-clinical phase with only a few being tested in phase 2b or 3 trials. Although new approaches raise the hope for coeliacs giving them a chance to come back to gluten, for the time being a cautionary appraisal of new therapies suggests that they may have a complementary role to gluten withdrawal, mainly to prevent inadvertent gluten contamination.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma, Galafold (migalastat) / Amicus
    Preclinical, Journal:  Near-infrared spectroscopy as a tool for in vivo analysis of human muscles. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 22, 2020   
    In addition to the non-invasive detection of tissue oxygenation, NIR spectroscopy provided the spectral signatures (ie, "fingerprints") of upper limb flexors and extensors, which represent specific, accurate, and reproducible measures of the overall biological status of these muscles. Thus, non-invasive NIR spectroscopy enables more thorough evaluation of the muscular system and optimal monitoring of the effectiveness of therapeutic or rehabilitative interventions.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    Journal:  Targeting zonulin and intestinal epithelial barrier function to prevent onset of arthritis. (Pubmed Central) -  Aug 11, 2020   
    Moreover, treatment with the zonulin antagonist larazotide acetate, which specifically increases intestinal barrier integrity, effectively reduces arthritis onset. These data identify a preventive approach for the onset of autoimmune disease by specifically targeting impaired intestinal barrier function.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / 9 Meters Biopharma
    RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY CAN DIFFERENTIATE MUCOSAL HEALING FROM NON-HEALING IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE () -  May 4, 2020 - Abstract #DDW2020DDW_3689;    
    Mucosal healing is associated with decreases at 1001cm-1, 1249cm-1, 1449cm-1 and 1656cm-1 in UC and CD. We have demonstrated that Raman Spectroscopy can accurately differentiate mucosal healing from non-healing in UC and CD and might be a future tool to direct precisely therapeutic management in IBD.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / Innovate Biopharma, Galafold (migalastat) / Amicus
    Journal:  Agonist Selectivity and Ion Permeation in the α3β4 Ganglionic Nicotinic Receptor. (Pubmed Central) -  Mar 31, 2020   
    The structures of the receptor in complex with nicotine, as well as the α3β4-selective ligand AT-1001, complemented by molecular dynamics, suggest principles of agonist selectivity. The structures further reveal much of the architecture of the intracellular domain, where mutagenesis experiments and simulations define residues governing ion conductance.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / Innovate Biopharma
    Identification of regulated mechanistic pathways and genes to protect intestinal barrier injury by larazotide acetate in an IBD microenvironment (Hall C - Poster exhibition) -  Jan 7, 2020 - Abstract #ECCOIBD2020ECCO_IBD_933;    
    Furthermore, Ras/Rho GTPase binding and protein serine/threonine kinase activity were differentially expressed in cells treated with LA. Additionally, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed enrichment of target genes for ‘cell cycle,’ ‘adherens junction’ and ‘Wnt signalling pathways’.Conclusion The results of the present study provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of action of LA on the protection of TJ integrity in anoxic injury, an IBD microenvironment and the potential for a more broad use in important digestive diseases such as IBD.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / Innovate Biopharma
    Review, Journal:  Breaking Down Barriers: How Understanding Celiac Disease Pathogenesis Informed the Development of Novel Treatments. (Pubmed Central) -  Dec 25, 2019   
    Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that gliadin, a prolamine component of gluten that is implicated in CD pathogenesis, is capable to disassembling intercellular junctional proteins by upregulating the zonulin pathway, which can be inhibited by the zonulin antagonist larazotide acetate. In this review, we will focus on CD as a paradigm of chronic inflammatory diseases in order to outline the contribution of gut paracellular permeability toward disease pathogenesis; moreover, we will summarize current evidence derived from available clinical trials of larazotide acetate in CD.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / Innovate Biopharma
    Targeting intestinal epithelial barrier function to prevent onset of arthritis (Promotion Hall KU Leuven) -  Dec 25, 2019 - Abstract #EWRR2020EWRR_20;    
    Moreover, treatment with the zonulin antagonist Larazotide acetate, which specifically improves intestinal barrier integrity, effectively reduced arthritis onset. In summary, our data identify a new preventive approach for the onset of autoimmune disease by specifically targeting impaired intestinal barrier function.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / Innovate Biopharmaceuticals, Galafold (migalastat) / Amicus
    Journal:  On-target action of anti-tropomyosin drugs regulates glucose metabolism. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 10, 2019   
    Both compounds suppressed ISGU in WT muscle, but in the KO muscle there was little impact of the drugs. Collectively, this data indicates that the ATM drugs affect glucose metabolism in vivo by inhibiting Tpm3.1's function with few off-target effects.
  • ||||||||||  larazotide (AT1001) / Innovate Biopharmaceuticals, Galafold (migalastat) / Amicus
    Clinical, Journal:  SERS detection of urea and ammonium sulfate adulterants in milk with coffee ring effect. (Pubmed Central) -  Jun 14, 2019   
    With AuNPs, coefficients of determination (R) of 0.9873 and 0.9859 were achieved for urea and AmS, respectively, while for Au@AgNPs values of 0.9827 and 0.9855 were obtained for urea and AmS, respectively. This study revealed that SERS based on coffee ring effect has the potential to be further exploited for detecting other banned and hazardous adulterants in milk and milk products.