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7 Diseases |  |
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379 Trials |  |
12426 News |  |
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- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Consensus-Based Recommendations for Titrating Cannabinoids and Tapering Opioids for Chronic Pain Control. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2021
This five-stage modified Delphi process led to the development of consensus-based recommendations surrounding the safe introduction and titration of cannabinoids in concert with tapering opioids.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Review, Journal: Intrathecal catheter use after accidental dural puncture in obstetric patients: literature review and clinical management recommendations. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2021
For caesarean section anaesthesia, gradual titration to the level of the fourth thoracic dermatome, with full monitoring, in a facility equipped to manage complications, should be performed using local anaesthetics combined with lipophilic opioids and morphine or diamorphine...Injection of sterile normal saline into the intrathecal catheter may reduce post-dural puncture headache. The level of evidence for these recommendations was low.
- | Journal: Measuring Prescription Opioid Misuse and Its Consequences. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2021
The rapid expansion of opioid prescribing was accompanied by increasing misuse and mortality. Interventions such as prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP), increased law enforcement and abuse deterrent formulations have been followed by decreases in misuse of most opioid analgesics.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (Neuromodulation) for Postoperative Pain: A Randomized, Sham-controlled Pilot Study. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2021
Interventions such as prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP), increased law enforcement and abuse deterrent formulations have been followed by decreases in misuse of most opioid analgesics. Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation reduced pain scores and opioid requirements free of systemic side effects during at least the initial week after ambulatory orthopedic surgery.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: An opioid receptor independent mechanism underlies motility dysfunction and visceral hyperalgesia in opioid-induced bowel dysfunction. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2021
Morphine-induced fecal retention is an independent pathogenic factor for motility dysfunction and visceral hypersensitivity in OBD rats. Liquid diet may have therapeutic potential for OBD by preventing fecal retention-induced mechano-transcription of COX-2 and NGF.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Observational data, Journal: Morphine may act via DDX49 to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2021
Morphine decreases DDX49 expression in HCC cells. Our results suggest that DDX49 contributes to HCC, and that morphine may exert anti-cancer effects by down-regulating it.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg., dexamethasone injection / Generic mfg., paracetamol / Generic mfg.
Review, Journal: PROSPECT guideline for total hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and procedure-specific postoperative pain management recommendations. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2021
Epidural analgesia, femoral nerve block, lumbar plexus block and gabapentinoid administration are not recommended as the adverse effects outweigh the benefits. Although intrathecal morphine 0.1 mg can be used, the PROSPECT group emphasises the risks and side-effects associated with its use and provides evidence that adequate analgesia may be achieved with basic analgesics and regional techniques without intrathecal morphine.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg., naltrexone / Generic mfg.
Preclinical, Journal: Antinociceptive Efficacy of the µ-Opioid/Nociceptin Peptide-Based Hybrid KGNOP1 in Inflammatory Pain without Rewarding Effects in Mice: An Experimental Assessment and Molecular Docking. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2021
In comparison with morphine, KGNOP1 was more potent and effective in mouse models of inflammatory pain...Docking of KGNOP1 to the MOR and NOP receptors and subsequent 3D interaction pattern analyses provided valuable insights into its binding mode. The mixed MOR/NOP receptor peptide KGNOP1 holds promise in the effort to develop new analgesics for the treatment of various pain states with fewer MOR-mediated side effects, particularly abuse and dependence liabilities.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Rapid screening of illegally added poppy husk in hot pot sauce and soup by thermal desorption electrospray ionization-triple quadruple mass spectrometry (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2021
Noscapine, papaverine, thebaine, and morphine were detected in a positive sample of chicken soup, which was consistent with the result of the HPLC-MS/MS method. This method without sample preparation and chromatographic separation is fast, green, and environmentally benign, thus being suitable for the rapid qualitative analysis of poppy husk in food.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Intrathecal morphine injection in anterior lumbar and lateral lumbar spine surgery: technical note. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 28, 2021
We propose that this technique can be performed easily and quickly with standard surgical equipment that is commonly available. Through use of this technique, patients undergoing spine surgery may benefit from ITM with minimal risk of iatrogenic CSF leak.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Erector spinae plane block at lower thoracic level for analgesia in lumbar spine surgery: A randomized controlled trial. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 27, 2021
Through use of this technique, patients undergoing spine surgery may benefit from ITM with minimal risk of iatrogenic CSF leak. In patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery, ultrasound-guided ESPB at a lower thoracic level improves the analgesic effect, reduces opioid consumption, and improves postoperative recovery.
- | fentanyl citrate / Generic mfg., morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Morphine and fentanyl exposure during therapeutic hypothermia does not impair neurodevelopment. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 27, 2021
Higher cumulative opioid doses in TH-treated infants with HIE was not associated with worse Bayley-3 scores at 18-24 months of age. The Bristol cooling program was funded by the Children's Medical Research Charity SPARKS managing donations for our research from the UK and US, the UK Moulton Foundation, the Lærdal Foundation for Acute Medicine in Norway and the Norwegian Research Council (JKG).
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Implementation of an Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Pathway to Reduce Inpatient Opioid Consumption after Cesarean Delivery. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 27, 2021
· ERAS after cesarean increases the proportion of women not consuming any opioids. · This pathway can be feasibly adopted elsewhere.
- ||| morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
In the mid-1990’s, academic physicians, authors of pain management studies, & professors of Anesthesiology were preaching that 80 mg of Oxycodone twice daily & even 1 gm of Morphine per day could be safely used if tolerance were regarded. Long acting opiates were standard care. (Twitter) - Jul 25, 2021
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
I took morphine and worked for 10 more years because I took it. Every single day. Then I just seemed to fall apart-brain, body, everything. I got disability on my first try. I would much rather have been able to work! (Twitter) - Jul 25, 2021
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
That’s what I used to take for years! All morphine. I was physically dependent on it, and while at my daughter’s house, weaned myself off because I knew I wouldn’t get any more. I know what the standards are and I was right there-but I don’t ask my new doctor. (Twitter) - Jul 25, 2021
- ||| morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
That’s the thing people don’t get. When you are in this much pain, you can’t function, but when you have pain meds at the appropriate dosing you can function & even work sometimes! Since I’ve peen out on long acting morphine plus prn oxycodone 3x a day I’ve been much more active! (Twitter) - Jul 25, 2021
- morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
EFFICACY OF OPIOID SPINAL ANALGESIA FOR POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT AFTER PANCREATODUODENECTOMY () - Jul 25, 2021 - Abstract #AHPBA2021AHPBA_452;
Pain control and associated outcomes of patients managed with opioid spinal analgesia are comparable to patients managed with a thoracic epidural. Opioid spinal analgesia should be considered as part of multimodal analgesic regimens within enhanced recovery postoperative pathways for patients selected for pancreatoduodenectomy.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
I said morphine is cheap. (Twitter) - Jul 24, 2021
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Morphine is cheap. ER visits are expensive. (Twitter) - Jul 24, 2021
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg., paracetamol / Generic mfg.
Journal, Video: Are Thoracic Wall Blocks Efficient After Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy Surgery-Lobectomy Pain? A Comparison Between Serratus Anterior Plane Block and Intercostal Nerve Block. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2021
Opioid spinal analgesia should be considered as part of multimodal analgesic regimens within enhanced recovery postoperative pathways for patients selected for pancreatoduodenectomy. The multimodal approach of SAPB, morphine-patient controlled analgesia, and paracetamol is effective, safe, and time efficient.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: The Effect of Propofol Versus Volatile Anesthetics on Persistent Pain After Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2021
The multimodal approach of SAPB, morphine-patient controlled analgesia, and paracetamol is effective, safe, and time efficient. Intraoperative administration of propofol did not reduce persistent pain after cardiac surgery compared with volatile anesthetics.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal, HEOR: The impact of high-risk and chronic opioid use among commercially insured endometriosis patients on health care resource utilization and costs in the United States. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2021
Two sub-cohorts were identified: high-risk (⩾1 day with ⩾90 morphine milligram equivalents per day or ⩾1-day concomitant benzodiazepine use) or chronic opioid utilization (⩾90-day supply prescribed or ⩾10 opioid prescriptions)...This analysis demonstrates significantly higher all-cause and endometriosis-related health care resource utilization and total costs for high-risk opioid users compared to low-risk opioid users among newly diagnosed endometriosis patients over 1 year. Similar trends were observed for comparing chronic opioid users with non-chronic opioid users, except for endometriosis-related pharmacy fills and associated costs.
- || midazolam hydrochloride / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Different Effects of Two Protocols for Pre-Procedural Analgosedation on Vital Signs in Neonates during and after Endotracheal Intubation. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2021
Short acting drugs should be preferred and vital signs should be closely monitored at least 20 min post intubation. More studies are required to identify analgosedation protocols that minimize potentially harmful events during endotracheal intubation.
- || pregabalin / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Effects of pre-emptive pregabalin and multimodal anesthesia on postoperative opioid requirements in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2021
Patients undergoing RALP and receiving multimodal analgesia do not need significant amount of opioids postoperatively and can be discharged soon after the procedure. Pre-emptive administration of oral pregabalin does not reduce postoperative opioid consumption, PONV or LOS in these patients.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Analgesic efficacy of intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine during the early postoperative period in patients who underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: a prospective randomized controlled study. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2021
Pre-emptive administration of oral pregabalin does not reduce postoperative opioid consumption, PONV or LOS in these patients. A single spinal injection of morphine and bupivacaine provided proper early postoperative analgesia and decreased additional requirements for IV opioids in patients who underwent RALP.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Evaluation of an opioid restrictive pain management initiative in adult kidney transplant recipients. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2021
A standardized, patient-centered pain management strategy after kidney transplantation reduced opioid prescribing without increasing readmissions or clinic calls. This data may be used to inform guidelines for appropriate OME prescribing at discharge after kidney transplantation.
- | pregabalin / Generic mfg.
Journal: A single-dose of pre-operative pregabalin reduces post-operative opioid use after orthotopic liver transplantation. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2021
This study demonstrated that a single dose of pre-operative PGB significantly reduced opioid use in the first 72 hours after OLT. Larger studies will help determine the safety and efficacy of PGB in this setting.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Observational data, Journal: The Relationship between Higher Chronic Opioid Therapy Dose and Specific Personality Traits in Individuals with Chronic Pain. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2021
To evaluate the relationship between opioid use and specific personality traits among individuals with chronic pain stratified by morphine equivalent doses (MEQ)...Compared to individuals using no or lower-dose opioids to treat chronic pain, those using high-dose opioids had higher scores on two maladaptive personality traits (i.e., anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance) which was associated with poorer mood, greater pain interference, lower quality of life, and dysfunctional coping. These maladaptive personality traits may help to explain how individuals with chronic pain utilize higher doses of opioid analgesics.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Retrospective data, Journal: Comparative analysis of thoracoscopic and open thymectomy for thymoma stage I-II (Pubmed Central) - Jul 24, 2021
VATS TE is effective and safe procedure for thymoma stage I-II. Postoperative period after VATS TE is characterized by less intraoperative blood loss, incidence of complications, duration of pleural drainage and hospital-stay.
- morphine sulphate / Generic mfg., temazepam / Generic mfg.
[VIRTUAL] High patient satisfaction with Local Anaesthesia with Minimal Sedation (LAMS) for oocyte retrieval (OR) in a private fertility clinic setting () - Jul 23, 2021 - Abstract #Fertility2021Fertility_146;
We used temazepam (20mg po), diclofenac rectal suppository (100mg) and paracetamol intravenous infusion (1000mg) premedication, followed by paracervical local infiltration of 10ml 1% lidocaine...Post-operatively heat pack and codeine phosphate (15-60mg po) or morphine sulphate (10mg po) was given as required...According follow up questionnaire 48 hours after OR, 80.6% of patients (129 out of 160) preferred LAMS over CS while 5.6% (9 out of 160) would not have LAMS again and 13.8% (22 out of 160) was neutral. Conclusions LAMS offers a safe, and well-tolerated alternative to CS, without the need of anaesthetist or sedationist.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Morphine for the symptomatic reduction of chronic breathlessness: the case for controlled release. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 23, 2021
For chronic breathlessness, three factors consistently favour the use of regular, low-dose, sustained-release morphine over immediate-release formulations: SUMMARY: As the evidence base expands for the symptomatic reduction of chronic breathlessness, pharmacological interventions will play a part. Using the best available evidence underpins patient-centred approaches that seek to predictably maximize the net effect.As such, the weight of evidence in patient-centred clinical care favours the use of regular, low-dose sustained-release morphine for the symptomatic reduction of chronic breathlessness.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Comparison between epidural and intravenous analgesia effects on disease-free survival after colorectal cancer surgery: a randomised multicentre controlled trial. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 23, 2021
There was no significant difference between the TEA and PCA groups in disease-free survival at 5 yr in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. Other than a reduction in postoperative pain during the first 24 h after surgery, no other differences were found between TEA compared with i.v. PCA with morphine.
- | ketamine / Generic mfg.
Retrospective data, Journal: Intraoperative opioid exposure, tumour genomic alterations, and survival differences in people with lung adenocarcinoma. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 23, 2021
Intraoperative opioid exposure is associated with worse overall survival, whereas ketamine exposure is associated with improved recurrence-specific survival in patients with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. This is the first study to investigate tumour-specific genomic interactions with intraoperative opioid administration to modify survival associations.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: A Multimodal Pain Management Protocol Including Preoperative Cryoneurolysis for Total Knee Arthroplasty to Reduce Pain, Opioid Consumption, and Length of Stay. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 22, 2021
During the hospital stay, the cryoneurolysis group had 51% lower daily morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) (47 vs 97 MMEs; ratio estimate, 0.49 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-0.56]; P < .0001) and 22% lower mean pain score (ratio estimate, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.70-0.88]; P < .0001) vs the control group...The cryoneurolysis group had significant 44% reduction in overall length of stay (P < .0001) and greater flexion degree at discharge (P < .0001). Addition of preoperative cryoneurolysis to a multimodal pain management protocol reduced opioids and in-hospital pain and optimized outcomes during the 6-week recovery period after TKA.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Decreased Opioid Consumption and Length of Stay Using an IPACK and Adductor Canal Nerve Block Following Total Knee Arthroplasty. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 22, 2021
The IPACK + ACB patients had a shorter LOS (mean 1.48 days vs. 2.02 days, p < 0.001), ambulated further on postoperative day 0 (mean 21.4 feet vs. 5.3 feet, p < 0.001), and required less narcotics the day after surgery (mean, 15.7 vs. 24.0 morphine equivalents p < 0.0001) and at 2 weeks (mean, 6.2 vs. 9.3 morphine equivalents, p = 0.025). The use of this combination IPACK and ACB demonstrated improved early ambulation with a decrease in opioid use and length of stay compared with a femoral and sciatic motor nerve block in patients undergoing primary TKA.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Biomarker, Journal: Opioid Requirement following Arthroscopic Knee Surgery: Are There Predictive Factors Associated with Long-Term Use. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 22, 2021
The average morphine equivalent dose of opioid consumption was 142 mg...Ligament reconstruction, living in an area with a higher index of deprivation, and higher score on the PCS were associated with greater opioid consumption. Overall, patient knowledge regarding opioid disposal was poor, and patients would likely benefit from additional education prior to surgery.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Safety of conscious sedation in electroanatomical mapping procedures and cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 22, 2021
Mean procedure duration of EAM procedures was significantly longer (p < 0.001) and propofol doses as well as morphine equivalent doses of administered opioids were significantly higher in EAM patients compared to cryoballoon patients (p < 0.001)...Regarding respiratory and hemodynamic safety endpoints, no significant difference was detected regarding hypercapnia, hypoxia and episodes of hypotension. Despite longer procedure duration and deeper sedation requirement, conscious sedation in EAM procedures appears to be as safe as conscious sedation in cryoballoon ablation procedures regarding hemodynamic and respiratory safety endpoints.
- | gabapentin / Generic mfg.
Journal: Evaluation of discharge prescribing after rescheduling of gabapentin as a controlled substance. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 21, 2021
There was a trend toward dosages with reduced daily MME for concomitant opioid prescriptions after rescheduling. However, additional investigation with larger studies over longer periods of time is needed to discover whether gabapentin rescheduling significantly changes prescribing practices.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Retrospective data, Review, Journal: Effect of patient characteristics on reported outcomes over 12 months following lumbar radiofrequency ablation: a retrospective review of 500 patients. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 21, 2021
Our results suggest that patients prescribed opioids, particularly at higher dosages, may find less pain relief at one-year following RFA for facetogenic pain. Additionally, patients with higher pre-procedural VAS pain scores may be more likely to have a positive response at one year.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Retrospective data, Journal: Impact of an emergency department opioid prescribing guideline on emergency physician behaviour and incidence of overdose in the Saskatoon Health Region: a retrospective pre-post implementation analysis. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 21, 2021
Implementation of a guideline for the prescribing of restricted medications in a Canadian emergency department setting was associated with a decrease in the quantity of opioids prescribed but not in the number of overdoses. This finding suggests that the emergency department is unlikely the source of opioids used in acute overdose, although emergency department opioid prescriptions cannot be ruled out as a risk factor for opioid use disorder.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg., paracetamol / Generic mfg.
Retrospective data, Journal: Predictors of long-term use of prescription opioids in the community-dwelling population of adults without a cancer diagnosis: a retrospective cohort study. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 21, 2021
This study identified factors associated with long-term prescription opioid use. Limiting the initial supply to no more than 7 days and limiting doses to 90 MME/day or less are actions that could be undertaken at the point of care.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Opioid use by cancer status and time since diagnosis among older adults enrolled in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian screening trial in the United States. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 21, 2021
Limiting the initial supply to no more than 7 days and limiting doses to 90 MME/day or less are actions that could be undertaken at the point of care. Any opioid use was similar among long-term cancer survivors compared to controls, but differed among short-term survivors for any opioid use and marginally for chronic opioid use.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Observational data, Journal: Concordance between high antibiotic prescribing and high opioid prescribing among primary care physicians: a cross-sectional study. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 21, 2021
Among primary care physicians, there was a lack of association between high antibiotic prescribing and high opioid prescribing. Our findings suggest that separate tailored approaches to antibiotic and opioid stewardship strategies are needed.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: The impact of preoperative motor weakness on postoperative opioid use after ACDF. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 20, 2021
Logistic regression isolated preoperative weakness, opioid tolerance, depression, and VAS Neck pain as independent predictors of extended opioid use. High postoperative opioid dose (MME ≥ 90) correlated with opioid tolerance, younger age, male sex, greater CCI, prior cervical surgery, and preoperative VAS Neck pain on regression.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Nonsurgical Providers Provide the Majority of Postoperative Opioid Prescriptions After Hand Surgery. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 20, 2021
Conclusions Surgeons should be aware that their surgical patients may be receiving opioid prescriptions from a wide variety of medical providers postoperatively, and that these other providers may be prescribing larger prescriptions. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of collaboration across medical specialties to mitigate the risks of prolonged opioid use after hand surgery.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal, Video: Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of Thoracic Paravertebral Block and Erector Spinae Plane Block Combination in Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 20, 2021
Conclusıons As a new technique, the combination of TPVB and ESPB in this preliminary study provided effective postoperative pain management along with the use of morphine in acceptable quantities. Large-scale, randomized-controlled, and comparative studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy of the combination of TPVB and ESPB.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Asymmetric synthesis of (1R,5S)-2-methyl-6,7-benzomorphan via Aza-Prins reaction. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 20, 2021
Major diastereoisomer was converted to enantiomerically pure (2S,4S)-2-benzyl-1- methylpiperidin-4-ol via a high-yielding sequence hydrogenolysis/N-detosylation/N-methylation. Acid-catalysed intramolecular Friedel-Crafts cyclisation of the piperidinol afforded (1R,5S)-2-methyl-6,7-benzomorphan in five steps with a yield of 25%.
- || morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Ultrasound guided bilateral quadratus lumborum block vs. intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after cesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 18, 2021
Quadratus lumborum block and intrathecal morphine are effective analgesic regimens after cesarean section. However, quadratus lumborum block provides better long lasting analgesia together with reduction of total postoperative morphine consumption.
- | morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Risk factors of inadequate emergence following general anesthesia with an emphasis on patients with substance dependence history. (Pubmed Central) - Jul 18, 2021
Neurologic disorders, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative morphine, and PACU analgesic drug administration were associated with increased agitation risk...Inadequate emergence in PACU following general anesthesia is a significant problem that is correlated with several perioperative factors. It seems that patients with a history of substance dependence are more at the risk of inadequate emergence than normal population.