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  • ||||||||||  mitomycin / Generic mfg., cisplatin / Generic mfg., paclitaxel / Generic mfg.
    Journal, Cancer stem cells:  The palladacycle, BTC2, exhibits anti-breast cancer and breast cancer stem cell activity. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 21, 2021   
    Platinum-based compounds like cisplatin are widely used to treat breast cancer, however, they come with limitations such as poor solubility, adverse effects, and drug resistance...Furthermore, in the xenograft in vivo model, BTC2 displayed limited toxicity and arrested the tumour growth of breast cancer cells over a 9-day period in a manner comparable to that of the positive control drug, paclitaxel. BTC2 thus displayed promising anti-breast cancer activity.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Tim-1 alleviates lupus nephritis-induced podocyte injury via regulating autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 17, 2021   
    The autophagy inhibitor reversed the effect of Tim-1 on inflammatory cytokines and autophagy-related proteins in IgG-treated podocytes. Tim-1 protects podocytes against LN-induced injury via mediating autophagy, which might serve as a new target for the treatment of LN.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Heat shock protein 70 expression protects against sepsis-associated cardiomyopathy by inhibiting autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 17, 2021   
    Overexpression of Hsp70 in H9c2 myocardial cells in vitro suppressed LPS-induced apoptosis, while inhibition of autophagy with 3-Ma also decreased LPS-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis, suggesting that the protective effect of Hsp70 in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy was related to autophagy regulation. Overall, these results suggested that Hsp70 protected against sepsis-induced cardiac impairment by attenuating sepsis-induced autophagy.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Glioma cells require one-carbon metabolism to survive glutamine starvation. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 17, 2021   
    In clinical samples, MTHFD2 expression was highest in the nutrient-poor areas around "pseudopalisading necrosis." Genetic suppression of MTHFD2 and autophagy inhibition caused tumor cell death and growth inhibition of glioma cells upon glutamine deprivation. These results highlight a critical role for serine-dependent one-carbon metabolism in surviving glutamine starvation and suggest new therapeutic targets for glioma cells adapting to a low-nutrient microenvironment.
  • ||||||||||  imatinib / Generic mfg., morphine sulphate / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Activation of spinal PDGFRβ in microglia promotes neuronal autophagy via p38 MAPK pathway in morphine-tolerant rats. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 17, 2021   
    By administration autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine, PDGFRβ inhibitor imatinib, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 hydrochloride and minocycline hydrochloride, western blot, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to elucidate the roles of PDGFRβ, autophagy, and related signaling pathways in morphine tolerance. This study demonstrated for the first time that spinal PDGFRβ in microglia promotes autophagy in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons through activating p38 MAPK pathway during the development of morphine tolerance, which suggest a potential strategy for preventing the development of morphine tolerance clinically, thereby improving the use of opioids in pain management.
  • ||||||||||  cisplatin / Generic mfg.
    Journal, PARP Biomarker:  Chinese herbal medicine Feiyanning cooperates with cisplatin to enhance cytotoxicity to non-small-cell lung cancer by inhibiting protective autophagy. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 17, 2021   
    This study demonstrated for the first time that spinal PDGFRβ in microglia promotes autophagy in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons through activating p38 MAPK pathway during the development of morphine tolerance, which suggest a potential strategy for preventing the development of morphine tolerance clinically, thereby improving the use of opioids in pain management. In summary, we revealed that the synergistic mechanism of FYN and cisplatin is that FYN inhibited the protective autophagy induced by cisplatin in A549 cells.
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Hepatic interferon regulatory factor 8 expression mediates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 17, 2021   
    AAV8-IRF8-I/R mice pretreated with autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine and NF-κΒ signal pathway inhibitor secukinumab could drastically reverse the IRF8-mediated increase of neutrophil infiltration and chemokine release at different degrees. This work uncovered a critical role of IRF8 in the modulation of the hepatic microenvironment and as a potential target in the initial treatment of I/R injury.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Selective Autophagy in Hyperglycemia-Induced Microvascular and Macrovascular Diseases. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 17, 2021   
    Autophagy dysregulation is associated with the development of heart failure, many forms of cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and microvascular complications in diabetic patients. Here, we review the recent findings on selective autophagy in hyperglycemia and diabetes-associated microvascular and macrovascular complications.
  • ||||||||||  MK-2206 / Merck (MSD)
    Journal:  EphA2 inhibits SRA01/04 cells apoptosis by suppressing autophagy via activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 17, 2021   
    Additionally, EphA2 significantly up-regulated the protein levels of p-Akt and p-mTOR in HO-treated SRA01/04 cells, and the inhibition of Akt by MK-2206 and inhibition of mTOR by Rapa both obviously reversed EphA2-mediated the inhibition of autophagy in HO-treated SRA01/04 cells. In summary, these data demonstrated that EphA2 inhibited the apoptosis of SRA01/04 cells by inhibiting autophagy via activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  An alcoholic extract of Thuja orientalis L. leaves inhibits autophagy by specifically targeting pro-autophagy PIK3C3/VPS34 complex. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 17, 2021   
    Also, it inhibits the nutrient starvation induced autophagy and diminished pro-autophagy PIK3C3/VPS34 complex containing either ATG14L or UVRAG in several cell lines. Our results strongly suggest that Thuja orientalis L. leave extract functions as an autophagy-specific inhibitor not decreasing the complex activity nor the protein level, but preventing protein-protein interaction between autophagy-specific factor (ATG14L and UVRAG) and PIK3C3/VPS34 complex core unit, Vps34-Beclin 1, thereby specifically depleting the pro-autophagy complex to inhibit autophagy.
  • ||||||||||  GLIOMA CELLS REPROGRAM SERINE-DEPENDENT ONE-CARBON METABOLISM TO SURVIVE GLUTAMINE STARVATION () -  Nov 16, 2021 - Abstract #SNO2021SNO_1237;    
    In clinical samples, MTHFD2 expression was highest in the nutrient-poor areas around “pseudopalisading necrosis.” Genetic suppression of MTHFD2 and autophagy inhibition caused tumor cell death and growth inhibition of glioma cells upon glutamine deprivation. These results may have important implications for serine-dependent one-carbon metabolism for glioma cells to survive glutamine starvation and suggest a new therapeutic strategy for patients with malignant glioma.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Curcumin prevents As-induced carcinogenesis through regulation of GSK3β/Nrf2. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 16, 2021   
    In the second stage, curcumin promoted ROS and apoptosis and inhibited angiogenesis via inhibition of constitutive expression of Nrf2 in AsT to prevent tumorigenesis. Our results suggest that antioxidant natural compounds such as curcumin can be evaluated as potential candidates for complementary therapies in the treatment of As-induced carcinogenesis.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  NRF2 activates macropinocytosis upon autophagy inhibition. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 16, 2021   
    demonstrate that upon inhibiting autophagy, an intracellular nutrient recycling pathway, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells upregulate NRF2-mediated transcription of macropinocytosis pathway components, thereby triggering an alternate route for tumors to scavenge nutrients from extracellular sources. Accordingly, the combined inhibition of autophagy and macropinocytosis may improve cancer treatment.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal, Cancer stem cells:  Autophagy induced by Helicobacter pylori infection is necessary for gastric cancer stem cell emergence. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 12, 2021   
    Here, we describe the role of autophagy in pancreatic cancer progression and discuss relevant treatment strategies for this disease. In conclusion, all these data show that H. pylori-induced autophagy is implicated in gastric CSC emergence and could represent an interesting therapeutic target.
  • ||||||||||  Journal, IO biomarker:  microRNA-21 ameliorates the impairment of autophagy in palatal wound healing. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 12, 2021   
    Knockdown of miR-21 suppressed the expression of fibronectin and CTGF, enhanced the autophagy effect of fibroblasts, suggesting that autophagy is involved in miR-21 regulated palatal wound healing. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-21 promotes oral wound healing by increasing ECM production through the inhibition of autophagy and facilitates clinical management of wound healing.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  Exposure to DEHP induces testis toxicity and injury through the ROS/mTOR/NLRP3 signaling pathway in immature rats. (Pubmed Central) -  Nov 12, 2021   
    Additionally, an imbalance in self-renewal and differentiation was observed in germ cells after DEHP exposure, causing the cessation of germ cell development. In summary, these data suggest that DEHP exposure enhances oxidative stress, downregulates autophagy, induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequently triggers pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro, which provides novel insight into DEHP-related injury in immature testes in the context of pyroptosis.