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- | MG132 / Jilin University, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
Journal: Curcumin represses mTORC1 signaling in Caco-2 cells by a two-sided mechanism involving the loss of IRS-1 and activation of AMPK. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
The use of proteasome inhibitor MG132 showed that CUR-mediated loss of IRS-1 involved proteasomal degradation...Inhibition of AKT/mTORC1 signaling by CUR may have lifted the cross-inhibition onto MAPK signaling, which became induced; p-ERK1/2 (+670%, P < 0.0001), p-p38 (+1433%, P < 0.0001). By concomitantly targeting IRS-1 and AMPK, CUR's mechanism of mTORC1 inhibition is distinct from that of rapamycin.
- | Journal: FoxO3 transcription factor promotes autophagy after oxidative stress injury in HT22 cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Taken together, these results show that activation of FoxO3 could induce autophagy and inhibit H2O2-induced damage in HT22 cells. Our study demonstrates the critical role of FoxO3 in regulating autophagy in brain.
- | Nexavar (sorafenib) / Bayer, Amgen
Journal: 3-Methyladenine-enhanced susceptibility to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Subsequently, by using AAV-GFP-LC3 transfection methods and transmission electron microscopy, we found that both the number and activity of autophagosomes in HepG2 cells in sorafenib and 3-MA group were significantly reduced, suggesting that autophagy activity was inhibited, and this result was consistent with the expression results of autophagy-related proteins. Therefore, we conclude that 3-MA may attenuate the acquired drug resistance of sorafenib by counteracting its induction of autophagy activity, thus enhancing its sensitivity to advanced HCC therapy.
- | azacitidine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Intracellular matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates epigenetic modifications and autophagy to regulate differentiation in human cardiac stem cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
We created MMP9KO hCSCs and treated them with 5-azacytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation, and bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of autophagosome degradation, and evaluated epigenetic modifications, autophagic flux, and differentiation...Furthermore, the endocrine and paracrine effects of MMP9 vary for regulating autophagy in hCSCs. These novel roles of MMP9 are valuable for stem cell therapy.
- | Journal: Melatonin Alleviates Cardiac Dysfunction Via Increasing Sirt1-Mediated Beclin-1 Deacetylation and Autophagy During Sepsis. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
In conclusion, increased Beclin-1 acetylation was involved in impaired autophagy in septic hearts, while melatonin contributed to Beclin-1 deacetylation via Sirt1, leading to improved autophagy and cardiac function in sepsis. Our study sheds light on the important role of Beclin-1 acetylation in regulating autophagy in sepsis and suggests that melatonin is a potential candidate drug for the treatment of sepsis.
- | Journal: The Mechanism of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress in the treatment of HR-HPV-infected HeLa cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Meanwhile, ERS via the Ca2+ -CamKKβ-AMPK pathway promoted the occurrence of autophagy in HeLa cells. Inhibition of autophagy could increase the apoptosis rate of HeLa cells after ALA-PDT, suggesting that autophagy may be one of the mechanisms of PDT resistance; The Ca2+-CamKKβ-AMPK pathway and autophagy may be targets to improve the killing effect of ALA-PDT in treating HR-HPV infection.
- | gemcitabine / Generic mfg.
Journal: PVT1 Knockdown Inhibits Autophagy and Improves Gemcitabine Sensitivity by Regulating the MiR-143/HIF-1α/VMP1 Axis in Pancreatic Cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
PVT1 knockdown inhibited autophagy and improved gemcitabine sensitivity via the miR-143/HIF-1α/VMP1 axis in pancreatic cancer. Our investigation elucidated a novel regulatory mechanism of gemcitabine sensitivity and may contribute to improve the therapeutic effects of chemotherapy drugs on pancreatic cancer.
- | selisistat (SEN-196) / AOP Orphan Pharma
Preclinical, Journal: Quercetin induces pro-apoptotic autophagy via SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway in human lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1299 in vitro. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Our investigation elucidated a novel regulatory mechanism of gemcitabine sensitivity and may contribute to improve the therapeutic effects of chemotherapy drugs on pancreatic cancer. Quercetin-induced autophagy contributes to apoptosis in A549 and H1299 lung cancer cells, which involved the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway.
- | Journal: Palmitate reduces starvation-induced ER stress by inhibiting ER-phagy in hypothalamic cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Palmitate inhibited starvation-induced ER-phagy by increasing the level of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein, which inhibits autophagy initiation. These findings suggest that, unlike the induction of ER stress under nutrient-rich conditions, palmitate protects hypothalamic cells from starvation-induced stress by inhibiting ER-phagy.
- | Journal: Nkx2-3 induces autophagy inhibiting proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Moreover, Nkx2-3 promoted autophagy in VSMCs by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) signaling pathway. These results demonstrated for the first time that Nkx2-3 inhibited VSMCs proliferation and migration through AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Preclinical, Journal: AMPK/mTOR downregulated autophagy enhances aberrant endometrial decidualization in folate-deficient pregnant mice. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Autophagy inducer rapamycin could reverse the impairment of folate deficiency on endometrial decidualization...In conclusion, AMPK/mTOR downregulated autophagy was essential for aberrant endometrial decidualization in early pregnant mice, which could result in adverse pregnancy outcomes. This provided some new clues for understanding the causal mechanisms of birth defects induced by folate deficiency.
- | Journal: Neferine promotes the apoptosis of HNSCC through the accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 caused by autophagic flux inhibition. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
These findings provided insights into the mechanisms responsible for the anticancer effect of neferine, specifically highlighting the crosstalk that occured between apoptosis and autophagy, which was mediated by p62 in HNSCC. Hence, the neferine‑induced inhibition of autophagic flux may serve as the basis for a potential adjuvant therapy for HNSCC.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Nedd9 restrains autophagy to limit growth of early stage non-small cell lung cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Treatment with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine completely eliminated the growth advantage of KPN tumors. These data for the first time identify NEDD9 as a negative regulator of LKB1/AMPK-dependent autophagy during early NSCLC tumor growth.
- || sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Review, Journal: Active autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts: Recent advances in understanding the novel mechanism of tumor progression and therapeutic response. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
We also addressed various autophagy inducers as well as inhibitors of autophagy for more efficient cancer management. Eventually, we prioritized some of the outstanding issues that must be addressed with utmost priority in the future to elucidate the role of autophagy in CAFs on tumor progression and therapeutic intervention.
- | Journal: Salidroside protects endothelial cells against LPS-induced inflammatory injury by inhibiting NLRP3 and enhancing autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Eventually, we prioritized some of the outstanding issues that must be addressed with utmost priority in the future to elucidate the role of autophagy in CAFs on tumor progression and therapeutic intervention. SAL protects endothelial cells against LPS-induced injury through inhibition of NLRP3 pathways and enhancing autophagy.
- | doxorubicin hydrochloride / Generic mfg.
Journal: CXCR4 blockade sensitizes osteosarcoma to doxorubicin by inducing autophagic cell death via PI3K‑Akt‑mTOR pathway inhibition. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Taken together, the present study revealed that CXCR4 inhibition sensitizes OS to doxorubicin by inducing autophagic cell death. Therefore, targeting the CXCR4/autophagy axis may be a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome OS chemotherapy resistance.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Autophagy is involved in the neuroprotective effect of nicotiflorin. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Therefore, targeting the CXCR4/autophagy axis may be a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome OS chemotherapy resistance. These findings suggest that autophagy plays a significant role in the protective effect of nicotiflorin against ischemic stroke.
- | Journal: Evidence for lysosomal dysfunction within the epidermis in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
The relevance of these in vitro findings were supported by the observation that the protein levels of cathepsin D and L are decreased in both PS and AD skin specimens. Taken together, this study suggests that TNF-α blocks autophagy in keratinocytes following long-term exposure, a mechanism, which may contribute to the chronicity of inflammatory diseases of the skin and, perhaps, other organs.
- | haloperidol / Generic mfg., clozapine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Antipsychotic drugs counteract autophagy and mitophagy in multiple sclerosis. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
These data suggest that autophagy has a causal role in MS; its inhibition strongly attenuates behavioral signs in an experimental model of the disease. Therefore, haloperidol and clozapine may represent additional therapeutic tools against MS.
- || Clinical, Journal: Altered serum levels of autophagy proteins Beclin-1 and mTOR in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
In patients with AMD, lower mTOR levels were associated with drusen, while higher levels were observed in those with a fibrous scar in the contralateral eye (p = 0.0212). Our findings suggest that circulating Beclin-1 decreases with age and that is downregulated in patients with AMD.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Dihydroartemisinin inhibits activation of the AIM2 inflammasome pathway and NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway by inducing autophagy in A431 human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
In conclusion, DHA inhibited activation of the AIM2 inflammasome pathway and NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway by promoting autophagy in A431 cells, thus accounting for its therapeutic effect. Induction of autophagy by DHA may be mediated by inhibiting the mTOR pathway and promoting reactive oxygen species production.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Regulate Bladder Cancer Invasion and Metabolic Phenotypes through Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Autophagy in CAFs was induced or inhibited by rapamycin or siRNA, respectively...In addition, the expression levels of MCT1, MCT4, HK2, SLC2A1, and MMP-9 were all increased in T24 cells in the autophagy-enhanced group. Our results indicated that CAFs could regulate BCa invasion and metabolic phenotypes through autophagy, providing us with new alternative treatments for BCa in the future.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Identification of novel Atg3-Atg8 inhibitors using virtual screening for autophagy modulation. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Testing in a panel of cancer cell lines showed little cytotoxic effect as compared to chloroquine...In addition, since many cancer types rely on the autophagy mechanism to survive a therapeutic regime, recurrence can potentially be reduced. The discovery of AT110 is an important step in establishing such an adjunct therapy.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Preclinical, Journal, PARP Biomarker, IO biomarker: Coenzyme Q, a novel quinone derivative of Antrodia camphorata, induces ROS-mediated cytotoxic autophagy and apoptosis against human glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Z-VAD-FMK has no effect on CoQ-induced autophagy but autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3-MA)/chloroquine (CQ) led to CoQ-induced apoptosis...CoQ reduced the tumor burden in U87MG and GBM8401 xenografted athymic nude mice and significantly modulated tumor xenograft by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. CoQ generated ROS-mediated apoptotic and autophagic cell death for effective glioblastoma treatment.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal, IO biomarker: Chloroquine enhances catalpol's ability to promote apoptosis by inhibiting catalpol's autophagy-promoting effect on gastric cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
CoQ generated ROS-mediated apoptotic and autophagic cell death for effective glioblastoma treatment. In summary, the above results indicate that inhibition of catalpol-induced autophagy could better promote the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells.
- || Review, Journal: The role of autophagy in pancreatic cancer progression. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Several clinical trials have combined autophagy inhibitors with chemotherapeutic drugs in pancreatic cancer treatment, some of which have shown promising results. In conclusion, autophagy plays a vital role in pancreatic cancer progression and deserves further study.
- | dexmedetomidine / Generic mfg.
Journal: Dexmedetomidine alleviates early brain injury following traumatic brain injury by inhibiting autophagy and neuroinflammation through the ROS/Nrf2 signaling pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
The neuroprotective capacity of DEX is partly dependent on the ROS/nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 signaling pathway. Taken together, the results of the present study indicated that DEX improves neurological outcomes in mice and reduces neuronal death by protecting against neural autophagy and neuroinflammation.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Brahma-related gene-1 promotes tubular senescence and renal fibrosis through Wnt/β-catenin/autophagy axis. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Further, BRG1 altered the secretome of senescent tubular cells, which promoted proliferation and activation of fibroblasts. Taken together, our results indicate that BRG1 induces tubular senescence by inhibiting autophagy via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which ultimately contributes to the development of renal fibrosis.
- | Journal: Nano-CuO causes cell damage through activation of dose-dependent autophagy and mitochondrial lncCyt b-AS/ND5-AS/ND6-AS in SH-SY5Y cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Further results found highly activated levels of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) under nano-CuO treatment. The data illustrate a mechanism that nano-CuO can promote autophagy and activate lncCyt b-AS/ND5-AS/ND6-AS in SH-SY5Y cells and have critical implication for nanoparticle biomedical applications.
- || chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Antitumor effects of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine mediated by inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway through abrogation of autophagic p47 degradation in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Importantly, HCQ selectively induced ATLL cell death in the ATLL xenograft mouse model at the dose used to treat SLE. Taken together, our results suggest that the inhibition of autophagy by CQ/HCQ may become a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of ATLL.
- || Biomarker, Review, Journal, IO biomarker: microRNAs in human brucellosis: A promising therapeutic approach and biomarker for diagnosis and treatment. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Taken together, our results suggest that the inhibition of autophagy by CQ/HCQ may become a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of ATLL. The interplay between miRNAs and Brucella pathogens and the underlying process required comprehensive examination to unravel the novel therapeutic or diagnostic approaches.
- | Journal: CircRNA_103948 inhibits autophagy in colorectal cancer in a ceRNA manner. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Taken together, circRNA_103948 knockdown inhibited CRC cell growth by targeting miR-1236-3p/TPT1 axis-mediated autophagy. Thus, the circRNA_103948/miR-1236-3p/TPT1 axis affects CRC progression via modulation of autophagy.
- | Journal: Epigenetic regulator BRD4 is involved in cadmium-induced acute kidney injury via contributing to lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy blockade and oxidative stress. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Moreover, inhibition of BRD4 relieves Cd-induced oxidative stress and concurrent cytotoxicity, which is counteracted by the inhibition of autophagy via Atg5 knockdown, indicating that alleviation of oxidative stress by BRD4 inhibition is ascribed to its restoration of autophagic flux. Collectively, these results demonstrate that BRD4 acts as a transcriptional repressor to mediate lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy blockade and oxidative stress during Cd exposure, which may be a potential therapeutic target for Cd-induced AKI.
- | Journal: The role of autophagy in the process of osseointegration around titanium implants with micro-nano topography promoted by osteoimmunity. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
These results indicate that anti-inflammatory immune microenvironment can promote cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, autophagy plays an important role in this process. This study further explains the mechanism of implant osseointegration in osteoimmune microenvironment, and provides reference for improving implant osseointegration.
- | Journal, IO biomarker: LncRNA CAIF suppresses LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes through regulating miR-16 demethylation. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Our study is the first to report the abnormal expression of CAIF and miR-16 in heart disease. CAIF plays a protective role in sepsis-induced CHF by inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation, possibly by regulating miR-16 demethylation.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Inhibition of autophagy suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and ameliorates pneumonia in hACE2 transgenic mice and xenografted human lung tissues. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
The novelty of this report is the use of a new animal model: mice xenografted with human lung tissues. Using a combination of the in vitro and in vivo studies, we have provided experimental evidence that induction of autophagy contributes to SARS-CoV-2 infection and improves our understanding of potential therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Tumor Targeting and Penetrating Biomimetic Mesoporous Polydopamine Nanoparticles Facilitate Photothermal Killing and Autophagy Blocking for Synergistic Tumor Ablation. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Herein, we fabricated a biomimetic nanoplatform by precisely coating homologous cancer cell membranes onto the surface of mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles with encapsulation of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine for synergistic antitumor treatment with high tumor targeting and penetrating efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. This biomimetic nanosystem with synergistically enhanced anticancer efficiency by manipulating PTT killing and autophagy blocking is expected to serve as a more effective anticancer strategy.
- | Biomarker, Journal: SIRT3 protects kidneys from ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating the DRP1 pathway to induce mitochondrial autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
However, the expression of DRP1-related molecules was reduced when SIRT3 was overexpressed and when DRP1 was under-expressed. Taken together, these findings indicate that SIRT3 protects against kidney damage from IRI by modulating the DRP1 pathway to induce mitochondrial autophagy.
- | nitroprusside / Generic mfg.
Journal: Graphene quantum dot antioxidant and proautophagic actions protect SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic death. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
We investigated the ability of graphene quantum dot (GQD) nanoparticles to protect SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells from oxidative/nitrosative stress induced by iron-nitrosyl complex sodium nitroprusside (SNP)...Pharmacological inhibitors of early (wortmannin, 3-methyladenine) or late stages of autophagy (NHCl) efficiently reduced the protective effect of GQD. Therefore, the ability of GQD to prevent the in vitro neurotoxicity of SNP depends on both OH/NO scavenging and induction of cytoprotective autophagy.
- || Review, Journal: The Role of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Type 3 in the Pathogenesis of Human Cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
The implications in cancer biology, patient prognosis prediction, and cancer therapy are discussed. Altogether, the discovery of pharmacological inhibitors of PIK3C3 could reveal novel strategies for improving treatment outcomes for PIK3C3-mediated human diseases.
- | Journal, IO biomarker: Inhibition of Autophagy Enhances Apoptosis Induced by Ce6-Photodynamic Therapy in Human Colon Cancer Cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Inhibition of autophagy increases the apoptosis induced by Ce6-PDT. Modulation of autophagy may be a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer cells treated with Ce6-PDT.
- | Journal, IO biomarker: Uvangoletin, extracted from Sarcandra glabra, exerts anticancer activity by inducing autophagy and apoptosis and inhibiting invasion and migration on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Modulation of autophagy may be a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer cells treated with Ce6-PDT. Our results showed that uvangoletin could induce apoptotic and autophagic cell death, inhibit cell proliferation and metastasis on HepG2 cells through Akt/mTOR, MAPK and TGFβ/Smad2 signal pathways.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Preclinical, Journal: Anthocyanin-rich blueberry extracts and anthocyanin metabolite protocatechuic acid promote autophagy-lysosomal pathway and alleviate neurons damage in in vivo and in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Our results showed that uvangoletin could induce apoptotic and autophagic cell death, inhibit cell proliferation and metastasis on HepG2 cells through Akt/mTOR, MAPK and TGFβ/Smad2 signal pathways. This study elucidated the mechanism of BBE for reducing neuronal damage by promoting neuronal autophagy and proved PCA may be the main bioactive metabolite of BBE for neuroprotective effects, providing a basis for dietary intervention in AD.
- | Biomarker, Journal, Tumor microenvironment: Multispecific targeting of glioblastoma with tumor microenvironment-responsive multifunctional engineered NK cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Pharmacologic impairment of the autophagic process not only sensitized GBM to antigenic targeting by NK cells but promoted a chemotactic profile favorable to NK infiltration. Taken together, our study demonstrates a promising NK cell-based combinatorial strategy that can target multiple clinically recognized mechanisms of GBM progression simultaneously.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Chloroquine Potentiates the Anticancer Effect of Pterostilbene on Pancreatic Cancer by Inhibiting Autophagy and Downregulating the RAGE/STAT3 Pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
The results of the orthotopic animal model showed that pterostilbene combined with chloroquine significantly inhibited pancreatic cancer growth, delayed tumor quadrupling times, and inhibited autophagy and STAT3 in pancreatic tumors. In summary, the present study suggested the novel therapeutic strategy of pterostilbene combined with chloroquine against the growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by inhibiting autophagy and downregulating the RAGE/STAT3 signaling pathways.
- | Journal: mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of VAMP8 and SCFD1 regulates autophagosome maturation. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Consistently, phosphorylated VAMP8 or SCFD1 depletion inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and expression of phosphomimic VAMP8 leads to increased lipid droplet accumulation when expressed in mouse liver. Thus, our study supports that mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of VAMP8 blocks SCFD1 recruitment, thereby inhibiting STX17-SNAP29-VAMP8 complex formation and autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
- | Journal: Effect of 17β-estradiol on the proliferation of condylar chondrocytes. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 16, 2021
Thus, our study supports that mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of VAMP8 blocks SCFD1 recruitment, thereby inhibiting STX17-SNAP29-VAMP8 complex formation and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. At a concentration of 10 mol·L, E2 could effectively activate the phosphorylation of mTOR through the ERα-p-mTOR pathway, inhibit cell autophagy, and promote the proliferation of condylar chondrocytes.
- | Journal: LncRNA RP11-295G20.2 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and autophagy by targeting PTEN to lysosomal degradation. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 15, 2021
Collectively, RP11-295G20.2 directly binds to PTEN and enables its lysosomal degradation. This newly identified RP11-295G20.2/PTEN axis reveals an unexplored molecular mechanism regarding PTEN loss in liver cancer and might provide new therapeutic benefits for liver cancer patients.
- | Zolinza (vorinostat) / Merck (MSD)
Trial completion date, Combination therapy, Metastases: Hydroxychloroquine + Vorinostat in Advanced Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov) - Dec 15, 2021
P1, N=72, Active, not recruiting, Sponsor: Sukeshi Patel
This newly identified RP11-295G20.2/PTEN axis reveals an unexplored molecular mechanism regarding PTEN loss in liver cancer and might provide new therapeutic benefits for liver cancer patients. Trial completion date: Sep 2021 --> Sep 2022
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Preclinical, Journal: Effects of rapamycin on glucose-induced autophagy and apoptosis of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells in SD rats (Pubmed Central) - Dec 14, 2021
Trial completion date: Sep 2021 --> Sep 2022 In vitro culture of CCSMCs with glucose within a certain range of concentration can promote autophagy, inhibit the apoptosis and thus have a protective effect on the cells, but when the proper concentration exceeded, it may also reduce autophagy, promote the apoptosis and consequently affect the vitality and function of CCSMCs.