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  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Osmanthus Fragrans Loaded NIPAAM Hydrogel Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 27, 2022   
    In vitro, except for proliferation promotion, OF/NIPAAM hydrogel enhanced ALP activity and formation of mineralized nodules of MC3T3-E1 cells at a concentration equal to or less than 62.5 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The addition of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reduced ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Autophagic perturbation caused by reduced lysosomal activity positively regulates cell competition. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 27, 2022   
    Notably, analysis of a cell competition mouse model demonstrates that macroautophagy/autophagy-ablated RAS cells are less readily eliminated by cell competition, and remaining transformed cells destroy ductal integrity, leading to chronic pancreatitis. Thus, our findings illuminate a critical role for non-degradable autophagosomes in cell competition and reveal a homeostasis-preserving role of autophagy upon emergence of transformed cells.
  • ||||||||||  Erleada (apalutamide) / J&J
    Preclinical, Journal:  Apalutamide and autophagy inhibition in a xenograft mouse model of human prostate cancer. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 26, 2022   
    These data demonstrate that a treatment with APA + Chl leads to reduced autophagy levels and to tumor suppression compared to the APA monotherapy. Hence, the increased antitumor effect of APA in combination with autophagy inhibitors might provide a new therapeutic approach potentially translatable to patients.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Effects of Resveratrol on Hepatitis B Virus Replication: In vitro and in vivo Experiments. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 26, 2022   
    Hence, the increased antitumor effect of APA in combination with autophagy inhibitors might provide a new therapeutic approach potentially translatable to patients. RVT inhibits miR-155, activates autophagy, inhibits the toxicity for HepG2.2.15 cells, and reduces HBV replication, providing a new research direction for the treatment of HBV infection.
  • ||||||||||  cisplatin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Development of a novel autophagy-related gene model for gastric cancer prognostic prediction. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 25, 2022   
    Moreover, autophagy inhibition increased sensitivity to cisplatin and exacerbated reactive oxygen species accumulation in GC cell lines. Collectively, the results indicated that this novel constructed risk model is an effective and reliable tool for predicting GC outcomes and could help with individual treatment through ATG targeting.
  • ||||||||||  carbamazepine / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Mingmu Xiaoyao granules regulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to reduce anxiety and depression and reverse retinal abnormalities in rats. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 25, 2022   
    At 5 weeks, rats in the CUMS group were randomly allocated to the following groups: Model (CUMS + pure water), MMXY-H (CUMS + MMXY 7.2 g/kg/d), MMXY-L (CUMS + MMXY 3.6 g/kg/d), and CBZ (CUMS + Carbamazepine 20 mg/kg/d), with eight rats in each group...MMXY reduced the expression of Beclin1 and LC3I/II proteins, regulated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, inhibited autophagy, and had a protective effect on the retina in CUMS rats. MMXY may effectively improve retinal morphology and function as well as anxiety and depression-like behaviors in CUMS rats by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Autophagy activation attenuates the circadian clock oscillators in U2OS cells via the ATG5 pathway. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 25, 2022   
    Another critical finding was that ATG5 knockout alleviates the inhibitory effect of rapamycin-mediated autophagy activation on the circadian clock oscillators in U2OS cells. Collectively, our data indicate that autophagy activation attenuates the circadian clock oscillators in U2OS cells via the ATG5 pathway.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  DDX17 promotes the growth and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 24, 2022   
    MYL9 could mediate the function of DDX17 to regulate the actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell adhesion, particularly by modulating the stress fiber and focal adhesion formation, whereas DDX17 might inhibit the autophagy process through MAGEA6/AMPKα1 axis in LUAD cells. Collectively, our study revealed the oncogenic role and pathways of DDX17 in LUAD.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  MCPIP1 alleviates inflammatory response through inducing autophagy in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 23, 2022   
    Further study showed that inhibition of autophagy using chloroquine reverses the anti-inflammatory effect of MCPIP1 in HCECs infected with A. fumigatus...In conclusion, our study demonstrated that MCPIP1 alleviates the severity of A. fumigatus keratitis by inducing mTOR-mediated autophagy in HCECs and in a mouse model. Exogenous use of MCPIP1 protein may have potential applications in FK clinical therapy.
  • ||||||||||  Mekinist (trametinib) / Novartis
    Journal:  RagC GTPase regulates mTOR to promote chemoresistance in senescence-like HepG2 cells. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 22, 2022   
    In liver cancer patients, expression of RagC and Rheb but not other GTPases examined was associated with unfavorable prognosis. Our study therefore has defined a key role of Rag-Rheb GTPase in mediating mTOR activation and drug resistance in senescence-like HepG2 cells, which could have important implications in developing second-line treatments for liver cancer patients.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Autophagy in Cancer Immunotherapy. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 22, 2022   
    Hence, exploring autophagy targets and their modifiers to control autophagy in the tumor microenvironment is an emerging strategy to facilitate cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of autophagy in cancer immunotherapy, as well as the molecular targets of autophagy that could wake up the immune response in the tumor microenvironment, aiming to shed light on its immense potential as a therapeutic target to improve immunotherapy.
  • ||||||||||  amodiaquine hydrochloride / Generic mfg.
    Preclinical, Journal:  Exploring Amodiaquine's Repurposing Potential in Breast Cancer Treatment-Assessment of In-Vitro Efficacy & Mechanism of Action. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 22, 2022   
    In different breast cancer cell lines tested, AQ significantly induces cytotoxicity, inhibit colony formation, inhibit cell migration, reduces 3D spheroid volume, induces apoptosis, blocks cell cycle progression, inhibit expression of cancer related genes, and induces LC3BII protein to inhibit autophagy. Our results demonstrate that amodiaquine is a promising drug to repurpose for breast cancer treatment, which needs numerous efforts from further studies.
  • ||||||||||  bortezomib / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  LncRNA MEG3 promotes the sensitivity of bortezomib by inhibiting autophagy in multiple myeloma. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 22, 2022   
    Overall, AhR induction by alcohol inhibits autophagy in hepatocytes through AMPKα, which is mediated by Ppp2r2d gene transactivation, revealing an AhR-dependent metabolism of phospho-/sphingo-lipids. In summary, our study illustrated that MEG3 increased bortezomib sensitivity by hindering autophagy through the PTBP1/ATG2B axis, providing a new therapeutic target for bortezomib-resistant MM patients.
  • ||||||||||  sirolimus / Generic mfg.
    Biomarker, Journal:  FTO-mediated autophagy promotes progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via regulating SIK2 mRNA stability. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 21, 2022   
    Elevated FTO was inhibited by rapamycin, whereas silencing FTO enhanced autophagic flux and impaired ccRCC growth and metastasis...Moreover, the small molecule inhibitor FB23-2 targeting FTO inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival in the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model mice, suggesting that FTO is a potential effective therapeutic target for ccRCC. Our findings uncovered the crucial role of FTO/autophagy/SIK2 axis in modulating the progression of ccRCC, suggesting that FTO may serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker and promising therapeutic target in ccRCC.
  • ||||||||||  hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Hydroxychloroquine suppresses anti-GBM nephritis via inhibition of JNK/p38 MAPK signaling. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 21, 2022   
    Our findings uncovered the crucial role of FTO/autophagy/SIK2 axis in modulating the progression of ccRCC, suggesting that FTO may serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker and promising therapeutic target in ccRCC. HCQ attenuates anti-GBM nephritis by exerting its anti-inflammatory effects via the inhibition of JNK/p38 MAPK activation, indicating its therapeutic potential against anti-GBM nephritis.
  • ||||||||||  Review, Journal:  Therapeutic potential of short-chain fatty acid production by gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 19, 2022   
    In the present review, the focus is on the detrimental and beneficial roles of SCFAs in NDD, emphasizing the effects of SCFA on following phenomenon: (1) alteration in gut microbiota profile associated with NDD, (2) the molecular mechanism of metabolic regulation by SCFA's, and its co-relation with NDD, (3) use of mitochondrial antioxidants as a strategy for maintaining microbiota diversity in the gut, and (4) the future direction of metabolism and neurodegeneration in the gut-brain axis. In addition, the interplay between gut microbiota, SCFAs, epithelial barrier, and neuroimmune signaling in neurodegeneration has been reviewed.
  • ||||||||||  Journal:  Decreased expression of GRIM-19 induces autophagy through the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway during adenomyosis. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 18, 2022   
    In addition, we also identified increased expression of AMPK and ULK1, and higher levels of autophagy in the uterine tissues of GRIM-19+/- mice. Importantly, the function of the GRIM-19-AMPK-ULK1 axis in regulating autophagy in adenomyosis is similar to that of tumor tissues, which may help elucidate the regulation of adenomyosis tumor-like behavior, and is expected to help identify novel targets for the diagnosis and treatment of adenomyosis.
  • ||||||||||  chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg., deferoxamine / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  Cadmium induces liver dysfunction and ferroptosis through the endoplasmic stress-ferritinophagy axis. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 18, 2022   
    Then, the iron chelator deferoxamine reduced Cd-induced lipid peroxidation and cell death, demonstrating that the iron regulation disorder caused by ferritin phagocytosis contributes to the Cd-induced ferroptosis. In conclusion, our results show that Cd-induced liver toxicity is accompanied by ferroptosis, which contributes to Cd inducing oxidative stress to trigger autophagy and ER stress to promote the process of ferroptosis.
  • ||||||||||  cisplatin / Generic mfg.
    Journal:  ATM- and ATR-induced primary ciliogenesis promotes cisplatin resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 18, 2022   
    Disruption of EFoCS and autophagy inhibited primary ciliogenesis, sensitizing PDAC cells to cisplatin treatment. Collectively, our findings revealed an unexpected interplay among the DNA damage response, primary cilia, and chemoresistance in PDAC and deciphered the molecular mechanism by which ATM/ATR-mediated EFoCS and autophagy cooperatively regulate primary ciliogenesis.
  • ||||||||||  Preclinical, Journal:  3BDO Alleviates Seizures and Improves Cognitive Function by Regulating Autophagy in Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-Kindled Epileptic Mice Model. (Pubmed Central) -  Oct 17, 2022   
    In addition, the autophagy activator EN6 reversed the decrease in the 3BDO-induced autophagy and aggravated the seizures and cognitive dysfunction in the epileptic mice. 3BDO regulates autophagy by activating the mTOR signaling pathway in PTZ-kindled epileptic mice model, thereby alleviating hippocampus neuronal loss and astrocytes proliferation, reducing seizures and effectively improving cognitive function. Therefore, 3BDO may have potential value in the treatment of epilepsy.