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- | cisplatin / Generic mfg.
Journal: Inhibiting autophagy by silencing ATG5 and ATG7 enhances inhibitory effect of DDP on DDP-resistant I-10 testicular cancer cells (Pubmed Central) - Jun 22, 2021
Cisplatin treatment of the transfected cells obviously reduced the cellular expression of LC3 II (P < 0.001), increased the expression of p62 (P < 0.001), and decreased the number of autophagosomes, cell survival fraction and colony formation ability of the cells (P < 0.001). Silencing ATG5 and ATG7 inhibits cisplatin-mediated autophagy and enhances the inhibitory effect of cisplatin on inhibiting cell proliferation.
- | imatinib / Generic mfg.
Journal: Induction of autophagy has protective roles in imatinib-induced cardiotoxicity. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 22, 2021
This study suggests that imatinib induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis, leading to cardiac dysfunction. Imatinib increases cardiomyocyte autophagy as a consequence of apoptosis and autophagy has a pro-survival role in imatinib-induced cardiac impairment.
- | Journal: TRAF6/ERK/p38 pathway is involved in interleukin-17-mediated autophagy to promote osteoclast precursor cell differentiation. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 22, 2021
After treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, the expression levels of LC3, NFATc1, TRAF6, p-ERK, and p-p38 all decreased significantly (all 0.05). IL-17 can promote the expression of autophagy proteins and enhance the differentiation ability of osteoclast precursor cells, and the TRAF6/ERK/p38 signaling pathway may be involved in this process.
- || Review, Journal: Research progress on transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channel in nervous system diseases. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 22, 2021
In epilepsy, the TRPM2-knockout alleviates epilepsy induced neuronal degeneration by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis related proteins. The roles of TRPM2 channel in the pathogenesis of various central nervous system diseases and its potential drug development and clinical application prospects are summarized in this review.
- | Journal: Dihydromyricetin ameliorates liver fibrosis via inhibition of hepatic stellate cells by inducing autophagy and natural killer cell-mediated killing effect. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 22, 2021
The roles of TRPM2 channel in the pathogenesis of various central nervous system diseases and its potential drug development and clinical application prospects are summarized in this review. These results demonstrated that DHM can ameliorate the progression of liver fibrosis and inhibition of HSCs activation by inducing autophagy and enhancing NK cell-mediated killing through the AhR-NF-κB/STAT3-IFN-γ signaling pathway, providing new insights into the preventive role of DHM in liver fibrosis.
- | Journal: Highly enriched exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 regulates osteosarcoma tumor angiogenesis and autophagy through miR-153 and ATG5. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 22, 2021
These results demonstrated that DHM can ameliorate the progression of liver fibrosis and inhibition of HSCs activation by inducing autophagy and enhancing NK cell-mediated killing through the AhR-NF-κB/STAT3-IFN-γ signaling pathway, providing new insights into the preventive role of DHM in liver fibrosis. Highly enriched exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 can regulate OS tumor angiogenesis and autophagy through miR-153 and ATG5.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: A functional autophagy pathway is essential for BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). (Pubmed Central) - Jun 22, 2021
Autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) inhibited the osteogenic activity induced by BMP9 in MSCs...Collectively, our results strongly suggest a functional autophagy pathway may play an essential role in regulating osteogenic differentiation induced by BMP9 in MSCs. Thus, restoration of dysregulated autophagic activity in MSCs may be exploited to treat fracture healing, bone defects or osteoporosis.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal, IO biomarker: Autophagy dysregulation mediates the damage of high glucose to retinal pigment epithelium cells. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 22, 2021
Thus, restoration of dysregulated autophagic activity in MSCs may be exploited to treat fracture healing, bone defects or osteoporosis. The current study demonstrates the mechanisms of cell damage of ARPE-19 through high glucose/mTOR/autophagy/apoptosis pathway, and new strategies for DR may be developed based on autophagy regulation to manage cell death of RPE cells.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Endometrial autophagy is essential for embryo implantation during early pregnancy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
To confirm the functional role of autophagy during embryo implantation in mice, we administered the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and chloroquine to mice...• Autophagy inhibition results in abnormal decidualization. • Autophagy is essential for embryo implantation.
- | pioglitazone / Generic mfg.
Journal: Stimulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPARγ) using Pioglitazone Decreases the Survival of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells through Up-Regulation of PTEN Expression. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
• Autophagy is essential for embryo implantation. By suggesting a mechanistic pathway, the results of the present study shed more light on the favorable antileukemic effect of pioglitazone and suggest it as a promising drug which should be clinically investigated in APL patients.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Autophagy Inhibits Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) Replication and Protects Ctenopharyngodon idella Kidney (CIK) Cells from Excessive Inflammatory Responses after GCRV Infection. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
Autophagy inducer rapamycin and autophagy inhibitor 3-MA pretreatment can inhibit and promote the proliferation of GCRV, respectively...Further study showed that CiATG5 repressed the expression of inflammatory response genes, including cytokines and type I interferons. Taken together, the results demonstrate that autophagy represses virus replication and attenuates acute inflammatory responses to protect cells.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: ConBr lectin modulates MAPKs and Akt pathways and triggers autophagic glioma cell death by a mechanism dependent upon caspase-8 activation. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
Inhibition of early steps of autophagy with 3-methyl-adenine (3-MA) partially protected whereas the later autophagy inhibitor Chloroquine (CQ) had no protective effect upon ConBr cytotoxicity...Finally, ConBr did not show cytotoxicity against primary astrocytes, suggesting a selective antiglioma activity. In summary, our results indicate that ConBr requires functional CRD lectin domain to exert antiglioma activity, and its cytotoxicity is associated with MAPKs and Akt pathways modulation and autophagy- and caspase-8- dependent cell death.
- | Journal: Patulin induces pyroptosis through the autophagic-inflammasomal pathway in liver. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
These findings suggested that PAT-induced pyroptosis maybe through autophagy-cathepsin B-inflammasomal pathway in the liver. These results provide new mechanistic insights into PAT-induced hepatotoxicity.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Hypoxia Shapes Autophagy in LPS-Activated Dendritic Cells. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
Bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, which are recognized as autophagic inhibitors, confirmed the induction of autophagy by LPS under hypoxia and its impact on DC survival. In conclusion, our results show that autophagy represents one of the mechanisms by which the activation of the MD-2/TLR4 ligand LPS promotes DC survival under hypoxic conditions.
- | Journal: Killing HIV-infected resting central memory CD4 T cells by targeting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins-inhibited autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
However, the direct intracellular inhibitory effects of IAPs on autophagy, as well as the critical roles of autophagy in activating extracellular anti-infection immune responses, warrant further investigation. Thus, this pointer aims to provide potential alternative mechanisms and to suggest important avenues for follow-up study.
- | Journal, IO biomarker: Carbon monoxide alleviates senescence in diabetic nephropathy by improving autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
These results suggested that CO protects DN mice from renal senescence and function loss via improving autophagy partly mediated by dissociating Beclin-1-Bcl-2 complex, which is possibly ascribed to the degradation of SASP. These findings bring new ideas for the prevention and treatment of DN and the regulation of senescence.
- | Journal: The P-type ATPase transporter ATP7A promotes angiogenesis by limiting autophagic degradation of VEGFR2. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
In summary, our study uncovers a novel function of ATP7A to limit autophagy-mediated degradation of VEGFR2, thereby promoting VEGFR2 signaling and angiogenesis, which restores perfusion recovery and neovascularization. Thus, endothelial ATP7A is identified as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of ischemic cardiovascular diseases.
- | bortezomib / Generic mfg.
Journal, PARP Biomarker: The Inhibiting Effect of Autophagy Inhibitor ROC-325 on Multiple Myeloma (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
Thus, endothelial ATP7A is identified as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. ROC-325 can inhibit the proliferation, induce the apoptosis of myeloma cells through the mitochondrial pathway, inhibit the autophagy of myeloma cells by affecting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, and overcome bortezomib resistance by the combination of ROC-325 with bortezomib.
- | Victoza (liraglutide) / Novo Nordisk
Journal: Liraglutide alleviates lipotoxic liver cell damage and promotes autophagy to improve non-alcoholic fatty liver (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
Autophagy activated group RAPA had significantly reduced FFA-induced intrahepatic triglyceride deposition, and the changes in autophagy-related protein levels were consistent with the effect of LRG. GLP-1RAs can alleviates FFA-induced lipotoxic liver cell damage, and promote autophagy to improve fatty degeneration of hepatocytes in NAFLD.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Eriodictyol Attenuates MCAO-Induced Brain Injury and Neurological Deficits via Reversing the Autophagy Dysfunction. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
In summary, we, therefore, suggested that eriodictyol could reduce the inflammation response of brain injury and inhibit neuroapoptosis, directly affecting autophagy to alleviate brain injury. It will provide theoretical support for eriodictyol in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
- | Journal: Rhoifolin Ameliorates Osteoarthritis via Regulating Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
In vivo, intra-articular injection of ROF could notably ameliorate the cartilage damage in rat OA model. In conclusion, our work elucidated that ROF ameliorated rat OA via regulating autophagy, indicating the potential role of ROF in OA therapy.
- | Journal: Sinisan Protects Primary Hippocampal Neurons Against Corticosterone by Inhibiting Autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
In addition, SNS-containing serum decreased LC3-II/LC3-I protein ratio, and downregulated Beclin1, and ULK1 protein and mRNA expression in primary hippocampal neurons. SNS protects primary hippocampal neurons against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity by preventing excessive autophagy through activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
- | Journal: Autophagy-Mediated Clearance of Free Genomic DNA in the Cytoplasm Protects the Growth and Survival of Cancer Cells. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
The inhibition of autophagy through chemical inhibitors as well as the genomic silencing of cGAS or SQSTM1 could suppress the growth and survival of cancer cells, and induced DNA damage could increase the sensitivity to these inhibitors. Furthermore, expanded observations of several other kinds of human cancer cells indicated that high relative DNA autophagy or enhancement of DNA damage could also increase or sensitize these cells to inhibition of DNA autophagy.
- | Journal: Sp1 Targeted PARP1 Inhibition Protects Cardiomyocytes From Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Downregulation of Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
Based on these findings, we concluded that PARP1 inhibition protects cardiomyocytes from MIRI through the inhibition of autophagy, which is targeted by Sp1 suppression. Therefore, the utilization of PARP1 exhibits great therapeutic potential for MIRI treatment in future.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: Force-Induced Autophagy in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Modulates M1 Macrophage Polarization via AKT Signaling. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
Mechanistically, force-induced PDLSC autophagy promoted M1 macrophage polarization via the inhibition of the AKT signaling pathway. These data suggest a novel mechanism that force-stimulated PDLSC autophagy steers macrophages into the M1 phenotype via the AKT signaling pathway, which contributes to the inflammatory bone remodeling and tooth movement process.
- | Journal: MicroRNA-1-3p Suppresses Malignant Phenotypes of Ameloblastoma Through Down-Regulating Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 2-Mediated Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 16, 2021
Furthermore, miR-1-3p overexpression restrained proliferative, migrated, and invasive capacities of AM-1 cells, which were ameliorated by LAMP2 overexpression. Our findings demonstrated that miR-1-3p suppressed malignant phenotypes of AB through down-regulating LAMP2-mediated autophagy, which could become an underlying target for AB therapy.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg., hydroquinone / Generic mfg.
Journal: Compound C induces autophagy and apoptosis in parental and hydroquinone-selected malignant leukemia cells through the ROS/p38 MAPK/AMPK/TET2/FOXP3 axis. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 12, 2021
Overexpression of AMPKα1 or pretreatment with autophagic inhibitors abrogated compound C-induced autophagy and suppression of TET2 and FOXP3 expression. Restoration of AMPKα1 or FOXP3 expression increased cell survival after treatment with compound C. In conclusion, our results show that compound C suppresses AMPK/TET2 axis-mediated FOXP3 expression and induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis in parental and HQ-selected malignant U937 cells, suggesting that the AMPK/TET2/FOXP3 axis is a promising target for improving AML therapy and attenuating benzene exposure-induced AML progression.
- | sirolimus / Generic mfg.
Journal: NUCKS promotes cell proliferation and suppresses autophagy through the mTOR-Beclin1 pathway in gastric cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 12, 2021
Our findings revealed that NUCKS functions as an oncogene and an inhibitor of autophagy in gastric cancer. Thus, the downregulation or inhibition of NUCKS may be a potential therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.
- | chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg.
Journal: Lysosomal dysfunction and autophagy blockade contribute to autophagy-related cancer suppressing peptide-induced cytotoxic death of cervical cancer cells through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 12, 2021
Thus, the downregulation or inhibition of NUCKS may be a potential therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer. Our findings demonstrate that ARCSP, a novel lethal nonfused autophagosome inducer, might cause mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy-related cytotoxic death and is thus a prospective agent for cancer therapy.
- | Iclusig (ponatinib) / Takeda, Otsuka, Incyte
Journal: Autophagic flux inhibition enhances cytotoxicity of the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ponatinib. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 12, 2021
Together, these findings support the importance of autophagy monitoring in the treatment protocols that foresee PON administration, as this may predict drug resistance acquisition. The findings also establish the potential for combined use of CQ and PON, paving the way for their consideration in upcoming treatment protocols against neuroblastoma.
- | Preclinical, Journal, IO biomarker: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy Contributed to Cadmium Nephrotoxicity in HK-2 Cells and Sprague-Dawley Rats. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 12, 2021
These observations indicate that ER stress, FoxO3a, Bnip3, and autophagy signaling were actively involved in cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity. Additionally, FoxO3a may act as a linking molecule to convey ER stress signals to Bnip3 and autophagy machinery upon cadmium exposure.
- | Journal: Perfluorooctane sulfonate induces autophagy-associated apoptosis through oxidative stress and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in renal tubular cells. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 12, 2021
Taken together, these results indicate that ROS activation and ROS-mediated phosphorylated ERK1/2 activation are essential to activate autophagy, resulting in the apoptosis of PFOS-treated RTCs. Our findings provide insight into the mechanism of PFOS-mediated renal toxicity.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Effects of Trichinella spiralis and its excretory/secretory products on autophagy of host muscle cells in vivo and in vitro. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 12, 2021
Meanwhile, ES inhibited autophagy of myoblasts in vitro, but this did not affect the cell viability. The upregulation and downregulation of autophagy-related factors in skeletal muscle cells may indicate an adaptive mechanism providing a comfortable niche for the parasite.
- | Journal, IO biomarker: MiR-30c-5p/ATG5 Axis Regulates the Progression of Parkinson's Disease. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 12, 2021
In vitro assay results also showed that silence of ATG5 reduced the protective effect of miR-30c-5p downregulation on the cells. MiR-30c-5p regulates the progression of Parkinson's disease through attenuating ATG5-inhibited apoptosis and -induced autophagy.
- | hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
Journal: CIRBP promotes ferroptosis by interacting with ELAVL1 and activating ferritinophagy during renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 12, 2021
Injection of anti-CIRBP antibody into a mouse model of IR inhibited ferroptosis and decreased renal IR injury in vivo. In summary, our results provide evidence that ferritinophagy-mediated ferroptosis could be responsible for CIRBP-enhanced renal IR injury.
- | Journal: Is slower advancement of enteral feeding superior to aggressive full feeding regimens in the early phase of critical illness. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 11, 2021
In summary, our results provide evidence that ferritinophagy-mediated ferroptosis could be responsible for CIRBP-enhanced renal IR injury. Owing to the risks of the delivery of an excessive caloric intake, a strategy of permissive underfeeding implying a caloric intake matching a maximum of 70% of energy expenditure provides the best risk-to-benefit ratio during the acute phase of critical illness.
- | Preclinical, Journal: miR-20a-5p ameliorates ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model of allergic asthma through targeting ATG7-regulated cell death, fibrosis and inflammation. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 11, 2021
Similarly, animal studies further confirmed that miR-20a-5p functioned as an autophagy inhibitor to mitigate allergic asthma development. Therefore, miR-20a-5p may be a promising biomarker and therapeutic target during asthma progression by regulating ATG7-modulated autophagy.
- | gefitinib / Generic mfg.
Journal: LncRNA MITA1 promotes gefitinib resistance by inducing autophagy in lung cancer cells. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 11, 2021
Furthermore, these results were true when tested in the presence of bafilomycin A1. Our results suggest that MITA1 by inducing autophagy could be a key regulator of gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
- | daunorubicin / Generic mfg.
Biomarker, Journal: MiR-15a-5p Confers Chemoresistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Inhibiting Autophagy Induced by Daunorubicin. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 11, 2021
Inhibition experiments with the four target genes showed the functional effect of miR-15a-5p on autophagy. In summary, our results indicated that miR-15a-5p induces chemoresistance in AML cells through the abrogation of daunorubicin-induced autophagy, suggesting that miR-15a-5p could be a promising therapeutic target for chemoresistant AML patients.
- | doxorubicin hydrochloride / Generic mfg.
Journal: Astragaloside IV Attenuates the Myocardial Injury Caused by Adriamycin by Inhibiting Autophagy. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 11, 2021
ASIV treatment can significantly improve the cardiac function of rats treated with ADR and regulate autophagy, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Our findings indicate that ASIV may reduce the heart damage caused by adriamycin by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
- | SB202190 / Amgen
Journal: The Effects of Butyric Acid on the Differentiation, Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy of IPEC-J2 Cells. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 10, 2021
And SB202190 attenuated BT-increased p38 MAPK target DDIT3 mRNA level and V-ATPase mRNA level that responsible for normal acidy lyososomes. In conclusion, 1) at 0.2-0.4 mM, BT promotes the IPEC-J2 cells differentiation; 2) BT at 0.5 mM or higher concentrations induce cell apoptosis via the p38 MAPK pathway; 3) BT inhibits cells autophagy and promote lysosome formation at high concentrations.
- | Journal: Autophagy promotes osteoclast podosome disassembly and cell motility athrough the interaction of kindlin3 with LC3. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 10, 2021
Our results show that LC3B affects osteoclast migration and FAK/AKT activation by modulating integrin activation via a kindlin3-mediated inside-out signal from the extracellular matrix. Based on these results, we propose that LC3 is an important target for regulating osteoclast migration.
- | Journal: Luteolin inhibits autophagy in allergic asthma by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and inhibiting Beclin-1-PI3KC3 complex. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 10, 2021
Moreover, luteolin activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and inhibited the Beclin-1-PI3KC3 protein complex in lung tissues of asthmatic mice. In conclusion, this study explored the regulatory mechanism of luteolin on autophagy in allergic asthma, providing biologic evidence for its clinical application.
- | Jardiance (empagliflozin) / Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim
Journal: The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin negatively regulates IL-17/IL-23 axis-mediated inflammatory responses in T2DM with NAFLD via the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 10, 2021
In summary, these results suggested that empagliflozin could significantly ameliorate NAFLD-related liver injury, through enhancing hepatic macrophage autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway and further inhibiting IL-17/IL-23 axis-mediated inflammatory responses. This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational application of empagliflozin to treat T2DM with NAFLD and improve the quality of life of T2DM patients with NAFLD, which will have social benefits.
- | hydroxychloroquine / Generic mfg.
Journal, Cancer stem cells: Curcumin suppresses LGR5(+) colorectal cancer stem cells by inducing autophagy and via repressing TFAP2A-mediated ECM pathway. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 10, 2021
When LGR5(+) colorectal CSCs were co-treated with curcumin and the autophagy inhibitor (hydroxychloroquine), curcumin-induced cell proliferation inhibition decreased...Further, these genes were transcriptionally regulated by TFAP2A, and the high expression of TFAP2A was associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. In conclusion, curcumin suppressed LGR5(+) colorectal CSCs, potentially by inducing autophagy and repressing the oncogenic TFAP2A-mediated ECM pathway.
- | MPE-001 / Mperia Therap
Journal: The CD36 Ligand-Promoted Autophagy Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Oxidative Stress. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 10, 2021
The cytoprotective effect of MPE-001 was completely abolished by the autophagy inhibitors wortmannin and bafilomycin A1. In conclusion, we report for the first time an autophagy-dependent protection of RPE cells from oxidative stress by a CD36 ligand.
- | Journal: Activation of cannabinoid receptor type 2-induced osteogenic differentiation involves autophagy induction and p62-mediated Nrf2 deactivation. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 9, 2021
In conclusion, we report for the first time an autophagy-dependent protection of RPE cells from oxidative stress by a CD36 ligand. Osteogenic differentiation induced by CNR2 signaling activation involves autophagy induction and p62-mediated Nrf2 deactivation.
- | Journal: Synergistic Utilization of Necrostatin-1 and Z-VAD-FMK Efficiently Promotes the Survival of Compression-Induced Nucleus Pulposus Cells via Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 9, 2021
The Necrostatin-1+Z-VAD-FMK treatment provided more prominent role in blocking NP cells death compared with Necrostatin-1, consistent with increased MMP, reduced opening of MPTP and oxidative stress. In summary, the synergistic utilization of Necrostatin-1 and Z-VAD-FMK is a very worthwhile solution in preventing compression-mediated NP cells death, which might be largely attributed to restored mitochondrial function.
- | Journal: Caenorhabditis elegans Perilipin Is Implicated in Cold-Induced Lipolysis and Inhibits Autophagy in Early Embryos. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 9, 2021
However, the loss of PLIN-1 partially rescued the phenotype of hosl-1 null mutants exposed to cold, suggesting the presence of an alternative pathway generating glycerol via lipolysis. In early embryos, PLIN-1 knock-out results in accumulation of lipids and formation of cytoplasmic clusters of autophagic marker LGG-1, supporting the role of autophagy as an alternative lipolytic pathway in C. elegans, as is the case in mammals.
- | Byetta (exenatide) / AstraZeneca
Preclinical, Journal, IO biomarker: Exendin-4 Induces Cytotoxic Autophagy in Two Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines through Inhibition of Mtorc1 Mediated by Activation of AMPK and Suppression of Akt. (Pubmed Central) - Jun 9, 2021
Moreover, only the combined treatment with IGF-1 and CC completely abolished the observed effect of exendin-4 on the expression of beclin-1, LC3I/II, p62, as well as on cell survival, apoptosis, and LDH release. Exendin-4 exhibits a potent anti-tumour cytotoxic effect in SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cells by activating the markers of autophagy, mediated by activation of AMPK and inhibition of Akt.