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- || Biomarker, Clinical, Journal: Age at onset predicts outcome in aquaporin-4-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from a United Kingdom population. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 29, 2022
Increasing age at onset and LETM predict disability in AQP-4-IgG positive NMOSD patients.
- || Biomarker, Clinical, Journal: Cytoprotective IgG antibodies in sera from a subset of patients with AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 29, 2022
Further studies suggested that non-pathogenic AQP4-IgG, perhaps with altered glycosylation, may contribute to reduced or ineffectual binding of cytotoxic AQP4-IgG, as well as reduced cell-surface AQP4. The presence of natural cytoprotective antibodies in AQP4-IgG seropositive sera reveals an added level of complexity in NMOSD disease pathogenesis, and suggests the potential therapeutic utility of 'convalescent' serum or engineered protective antibody to interfere with pathogenic antibody in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD.
- | Biomarker, Journal: Pathobiology, Diagnosis, and Current Biomarkers in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 29, 2022
Seronegative cases are particularly difficult to diagnose and can pose a challenge to clinicians. As knowledge deepens, new therapies and biomarkers are expected to improve treatment of this rare debilitating disease.
- | Journal: Utility of Live Cell-Based Assays for Autoimmune Neurology Diagnostics. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 29, 2022
As knowledge deepens, new therapies and biomarkers are expected to improve treatment of this rare debilitating disease. No abstract available
- | Biomarker, Clinical, Retrospective data, Review, Clinical Trial,Phase II, Journal: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder With Hyponatremia as an Initial Presentation: A Case Report. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 29, 2022
Awareness of this pathophysiologic mechanism will help clinicians in the early diagnosis of NMOSD. We report a case of NMOSD with hyponatremia as the initial presentation.
- | Journal: Central vein sign and other radiographic features distinguishing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease from multiple sclerosis and aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 28, 2022
MOGAD patients tended to have bilateral/anterior optic nerve pathology with perineural contrast enhancement, contrasting with posterior optic nerve involvement in NMOSD. CVS+ rate and longer segments of involvement in the spinal cord and optic nerve can differentiate MOGAD from MS, but do not discriminate as well between MOGAD and AQP4+ NMOSD.
- | Journal: Optic chiasm involvement in AQP-4 antibody-positive NMO and MOG antibody-associated disorder. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 28, 2022
Chiasmal involvement of MOG-IgG-ON and AQP4-IgG-ON occur at more similar frequencies than previously reported. Furthermore, MOG-IgG-ON chiasmal involvement is more likely to be part of a longitudinally extensive optic nerve lesion.
- | Journal: Inhibition of CAMK II modulates water permeability by reducing AQP4 expression in astrocytes after oxygen-glucose deprivation. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 28, 2022
Inhibition of CaMK II resulted in reduced astrocyte water permeability and AQP4 expression. We concluded that the upregulation of CaMK II promoted astrocyte swelling by increasing the expression of AQP4 after OGD.
- | Journal: Aquaporin-4 antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A paraneoplastic disease? (Pubmed Central) - Jan 28, 2022
We concluded that the upregulation of CaMK II promoted astrocyte swelling by increasing the expression of AQP4 after OGD. No abstract available
- || Clinical, Journal: Pediatric paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder associated with ovarian teratoma. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 28, 2022
She suffered no further clinical attacks and seroconverted to negative AQP4 status upon teratoma removal. This case varies from others, in that the paraneoplastic presentation occurred in a pediatric patient and in that the patient has not required maintenance immunotherapy after teratoma removal.
- | Journal: Impediment of Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage Through Glymphatic System in Glioma. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 28, 2022
These findings indicate that the para-arterial influx of subarachnoid CSF is limited in glioma, especially in those with reduced levels of the fundamental protein AQP4. Our results provide evidence toward a potential new treatment method for glioma in the future.
- || Review, Journal: Autoantibodies in neurological disease. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 27, 2022
Also, these findings inspired the search for additional autoantibodies, which has been very successful to date and has not yet reached its peak. This Review summarizes this rapid development at a point in time where preclinical studies have started delivering fundamental new data for mechanistic understanding, where new technologies are being introduced into this field, and - most importantly - where the first specifically tailored immunotherapeutic approaches are emerging.
- | Journal: Primary visual cortex of the brain is associated with optic nerve head changes in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 27, 2022
Visual impairment, structural and microvascular changes around optic nerve head is associated with the functional visual networks in NMOSD. Our report suggests that structural and microvascular changes around the ONH reflect the changes in the primary visual cortex of the brain.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Anti-AQP4 autoantibodies promote ATP release from astrocytes and induce mechanical pain in rats. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 27, 2022
The ATP-mediated development of mechanical allodynia was also suggested in rats treated with anti-AQP4 antibody. Our study indicates the pivotal role of ATP in the pain mechanism of NMOSD.
- || Soliris (eculizumab) / AstraZeneca
Review, Journal: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 27, 2022
Phase III studies have shown significant relapse reduction compared to placebo in AQP4-ab-positive patients treated with satralizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) inhibitor, inebilizumab, an antibody against CD19 B cells; and eculizumab, an antibody blocking the C5 component of complement. In light of the new evidence on NMOSD pathophysiology and of preliminary results from ongoing trials with new drugs, we present this descriptive review, highlighting promising treatment modalities as well as auspicious preclinical and clinical studies.
- | Journal: Differential regulation of the water channel protein aquaporins in chondrocytes of human knee articular cartilage by aging. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 27, 2022
In particular, the protective effect of AQP4 reduction following HMGB1 neutralization was noteworthy. The identification of other potent molecules that regulate AQP expression represents a promising therapeutic approach to suppress cartilage degeneration during aging.
- | Journal: Long non-coding RNA-associated competing endogenous RNA axes in the olfactory epithelium in schizophrenia: a bioinformatics analysis. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 27, 2022
According to the findings, ceRNAs in OE might be promising research targets for studying SCZ molecular mechanisms. This could be a great opportunity to examine different aspects of neurodevelopment that may have been hampered early in SCZ patients.
- || acyclovir / Generic mfg., methylprednisolone sodium succinate / Generic mfg.
Clinical, Journal: Clinical characteristics of intractable or persistent hiccups and nausea associated with herpes zoster. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 26, 2022
Clinicians should include HZ-IHN in the differential diagnosis for IHN, and promptly administer acyclovir and IVMP therapy. HZ-IHN is frequently accompanied by lower hemi-cranial nerve palsies and ipsilateral hemi-dorsal medullary hyper-intensity on MRI.
- || Review, Journal: Pediatric Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: Case Series and Literature Review. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 26, 2022
NMOSD is rare among children and adolescents, but early diagnosis is important to start adequate therapy. In this report, we present cases of seven pediatric patients with NMOSD and we review the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of NMOSD in children.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Destructive Effects of Pyroptosis on Homeostasis of Neuron Survival Associated with the Dysfunctional BBB-Glymphatic System and Amyloid-Beta Accumulation after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 21, 2022
However, glycine could inhibit cerebral I/R-induced pyroptosis by alleviating cytomembrane damage and downregulating expression levels of cleaved caspase-11/1, N-terminal gasdermin D, NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing protein 3), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β and markedly abate above pathological changes. Our study revealed that pyroptosis is a considerable factor causing toxic Aβ accumulation, dysfunctional BBB-glymphatic system, and neurological deficits after cerebral I/R, suggesting that targeting pyroptosis is a potential strategy for the prevention of ischemic stroke sequelae including dementia.
- || Soliris (eculizumab) / AstraZeneca
Clinical, Review, Journal: Hope for patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders - from mechanisms to trials. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 21, 2022
All four drugs were monoclonal antibodies: the complement C5 antibody eculizumab, the IL-6 receptor antibody satralizumab, the B cell-depleting antibody inebilizumab, which targets CD19, and rituximab, which targets CD20. We review the pathophysiology of NMOSD, the rationale for the development of these mechanism-based drugs, the methodology and outcomes of the five trials, and the implications of these findings for the treatment of NMOSD.
- || Rituxan (rituximab) / Biogen, Zenyaku Kogyo, Roche
Clinical, Journal: A Missed Case of Area Postrema Syndrome Presenting with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 21, 2022
Repeat brain MRI showed mild improvement of bilateral thalamic FLAIR hyperintensities and no clinical recurrence was reported with Rituximab treatment...Multiple etiologies can mimic the clinical presentation of acute diencephalic syndrome; thus, a broad differential needs to be considered. This report presents the diagnostic work-up and management of a patient with a complex neurological condition that was diagnosed as NMOSD.
- | Journal: Multi-cohort profiling reveals elevated CSF levels of brain-enriched proteins in Alzheimer's disease. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 19, 2022
In conclusion, we report six extensively replicated candidate biomarkers with the potential to reflect disease development. Continued evaluation of these proteins will determine to what extent they can aid in the discrimination of MCI patients with and without an underlying AD etiology, and if they have the potential to contribute to a better understanding of the AD continuum.
- | Biomarker, Journal: Research and progress on biomarkers of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 18, 2022
This article summarized the research progress in serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of astrocytes, neurons, myelin sheath, and other damage after the onset of NMOSD. Besides the value of microglial activation-related proteins in the diagnosis and treatment of NMOSD was prospected, so as to promote the research progress of NMOSD.
- | Journal: Evaluation of AQP4/TRPV4 Channel Co-expression, Microvessel Density, and its Association with Peritumoral Brain Edema in Intracranial Meningiomas. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 18, 2022
Importantly, peri-meningioma tissue of edematous meningiomas demonstrated significantly increased expression for AQP4 (p = 0.007) but not for TRPV4 (p > 0.05) compared with the main tumor. AQP4 and TRPV4 expression is rather associated with a response to vasogenic edema of meningiomas than with edema formation.
- | Journal: Aquaporin (AQP) channels in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias II: Localization of AQP3, AQP4 and AQP15 in the kidney. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 18, 2022
Due to the AQP4/2 antibody staining in the EDT that immediately proceeds and continues into the LDT, this suggested that the strong AQP4/2, AQP15 and Na,K-ATPase antibody staining was located at the beginning of the LDT and therefore the strong AQP3 was located at the end of the LDT. The staining of all three AQP antibodies was blocked by the peptide-antigen used to make each one, suggesting that all the staining is specific to each antibody.
- | Retrospective data, Journal: Frequency of New Silent MRI Lesions in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Disease and Aquaporin-4 Antibody Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 18, 2022
Median time from remission scan to the next relapse in the presence of definite or probable new remission lesions was 5 months (IQR, 2-6), whereas in the absence of any new remission lesions it was 85 months (IQR, 29-167; hazard ratio, 21.23; 95% CI, 8.05-53.65; P < .001). In contrast to that reported in multiple sclerosis, results of this cohort study suggest that new remission silent lesions are rare on follow-up scans in MOGAD and AQP4-NMOSD and appear to indicate a high risk of imminent relapse.
- | Journal: Structural and functional markers of optic nerve damage in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated optic neuritis. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 18, 2022
Damage accumulates with relapses, supporting the role of maintenance immunosuppression to induce remission. Compared to MS, MOGAD causes less demyelination.
- || Clinical, Journal: The use of OCT in good visual acuity MOGAD and AQP4-NMOSD patients; with and without optic neuritis. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 18, 2022
A sub-group with macular OCT performed as part of a research study confirmed both retinal and macular defects in visually-recovered MOGAD eyes. These findings have implications for investigation and management of MOGAD patients.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Differences in the localization of AQP1 and expression patterns of AQP isoforms in rat and mouse sciatic nerve and changes in rat AQPs expression after nerve crush injury. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 18, 2022
The expression of AQP1 in Remak cells supports the involvement of AQP1 in pain perception. Also, in rat the upregulation of AQP2, AQP5 and AQP7 after nerve injury suggests a possible role for these AQPs in promoting regeneration following injury.
- | fluoxetine / Generic mfg.
Preclinical, Journal: Repeated fluoxetine treatment induces transient and long-term astrocytic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex of normal adult rats. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 15, 2022
The changes observed at d1 are consistent with disturbed water homeostasis and astrocytic de-maturation in the mPFC. The persistent changes in the expressions of Kir4.1 and 5-HT at d20, presumably of the astrocytic origin, might have contributed to the long-term neurotrophic effects of repeated Flx treatment in the mPFC.
- || methylprednisolone sodium succinate / Generic mfg.
Review, Journal: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Africa: What is the current state of knowledge? (Pubmed Central) - Jan 15, 2022
Gaps still exist in the knowledge of disease management. Further research focusing on the African context is needed to provide customized evidence-based care to patients with NMOSD.
- | Journal: Effect of Aquaporin 4 Protein Overexpression in Nigrostriatal System on Development of Parkinson's Disease. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 14, 2022
Further research focusing on the African context is needed to provide customized evidence-based care to patients with NMOSD. The results indicated that AQP4 expression was increased in nigrostriatal system of PD, therefore, the overexpression of AQP4 led to acceleration of the diffusion and drainage process of drugs in ECS, reduced the effect of drugs for PD treatment, inhibited the development of PD.
- | Desferal (deferoxamine) / Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Novartis
Preclinical, Journal: Deferoxamine Treatment Prevents Post-Stroke Vasoregression and Neurovascular Unit Remodeling Leading to Improved Functional Outcomes in Type 2 Male Diabetic Rats: Role of Endothelial Ferroptosis. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 14, 2022
Iron increased markers of ferroptosis and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) to a greater extent in BMVECs from diabetic animals, and this was prevented by DFX. These results strongly suggest that (1) HT impacts post-stroke vascularization patterns and recovery responses in diabetes, (2) treatment of bleeding with iron chelation has differential effects on outcomes in comorbid disease conditions, and (3) iron chelation and possibly inhibition of ferroptosis may provide a novel disease-modifying therapeutic strategy in the prevention of post-stroke cognitive impairment in diabetes.
- | Journal: Osmotic adaptation of nucleus pulposus cells: the role of aquaporin 1, aquaporin 4 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 14, 2022
These responses were inhibited by chemical inhibition of aquaporin 4, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4, and to a lesser extent aquaporin 1; suggesting that both aquaporins and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 play important roles in the fundamental adaptation of nucleus pulposus cells to their osmotic environment. Co-localisation with primary cilia indicates these proteins may function synergistically to achieve adaptation, which may be lost during disc degeneration, when aquaporin 1 and 4 expression is reduced.
- | Journal: Cell Volume Regulation Mechanisms in Differentiated Astrocytes. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 13, 2022
The reported results indicate that AQP4 up-regulation observed in differentiated astrocytes might promote higher sensitivity of the cell to osmotic changes, resulting in increased magnitude of calcium signaling and faster kinetics of the RVD and RVI processes. The implications for cell physiology and the mechanisms underlying astrocytic interaction with nanostructured interfaces are discussed.
- || Clinical, Journal: Comparison of Spinal Cord Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features Among Children With Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 12, 2022
These findings suggest that several features may help identify children at presentation who are more likely to have myelitis associated with MOGAD. Prominent involvement of gray matter and leptomeningeal enhancement are common in pediatric MOGAD, although the pathological underpinning of these observations requires further study.
- | Journal: Cortical Interlaminar Astrocytes Are Generated Prenatally, Mature Postnatally, and Express Unique Markers in Human and Nonhuman Primates. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 11, 2022
Finally, we demonstrated that rudimentary ILAs in mouse also express the RG markers Pax6, Sox2, and Nestin, but do not express S100β, Cryab, or Hopx, and that the density and morphological complexity of ILAs differ between primate species and mouse. Together these findings contribute new information on astrogenesis of this unique class of cells and suggest a lineal relationship between RG cells and ILAs.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Astrocytic Modulation of Supraoptic Oxytocin Neuronal Activity in Rat Dams with Pup-Deprivation at Different Stages of Lactation. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 11, 2022
In addition, inhibition of AQP4 with TGN-020 blocked excitation in oxytocin neurons evoked by prostaglandin E, a downstream signal of oxytocin receptor and mediator of oxytocin-evoked burst firing, in whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. These results indicate that AQP4-associated astrocytic plasticity is essential for normal oxytocin neuronal activity during lactation and that PD-evoked hypogalactia is associated with astrocytic process expansion following increased GFAP and AQP4 expressions.
- || Review, Journal: Astroglial asthenia and loss of function, rather than reactivity, contribute to the ageing of the brain. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 11, 2022
Astroglial morphology and function can be influenced and improved by lifestyle interventions such as intellectual engagement, social interactions, physical exercise, caloric restriction and healthy diet. These modifications of lifestyle are paramount for cognitive longevity.
- | Journal: Astroglial Regulation of Magnocellular Neuroendocrine Cell Activities in the Supraoptic Nucleus. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 11, 2022
The morphological and functional plasticities of astrocytes depend on a series of cellular events involving glial fibrillary acidic protein, aquaporin 4, volume regulated anion channels, transporters and other astrocytic functional molecules. This review further explores mechanisms underlying astroglial regulation of the neuroendocrine neuronal activities in acute processes based on the knowledge from studies on the SON.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Involvement of Supraoptic Astrocytes in Basilar Artery Occlusion-Evoked Differential Activation of Vasopressin Neurons and Vasopressin Secretion in Rats. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 11, 2022
These findings indicate that BAO facilitates VP secretion and increases VP neuronal activity in the SON. The peripheral VP release is possibly under a negative feedback regulation of central VP neuronal activity through increasing GFAP and AQP4 expression in astrocytic processes.
- | Biomarker, Journal: Decrease in AQP4 expression level in atrophied skeletal muscles with innervation. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 11, 2022
This study suggested that innervation status is not always a key regulatory factor to maintain the expression of AQP4 in the skeletal muscles. Moreover, the transport of water and ions by AQP4 may be changed during immobilization-induced muscle atrophy.
- | Journal: Serum neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein in AQP4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis: A cohort study. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 11, 2022
At the 1-year follow-up, sNfL and sGFAP levels were both decreased in NMOSD patients in remission, while only sNfL levels were decreased in MS patients in remission. sGFAP and sNfL are potential blood biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring NMOSD and MS.
- | nitroglycerin / Generic mfg., ibuprofen / Generic mfg.
Journal: IL-17 crosses the blood-brain barrier to trigger neuroinflammation: a novel mechanism in nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 11, 2022
Furthermore, IL-17A crossed the blood-brain barrier into the medulla oblongata, triggering TNC activation through microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. This process was a novel mechanism in NTG-induced chronic migraine, suggesting that IL-17A might be a novel target in the treatment of migraine.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Effects of Xiao-Cheng-Qi decoction on brain edema and inflammatory factors in rats with severe traumatic brain injury (Pubmed Central) - Jan 11, 2022
XCQD can alleviate the acute brain edema in sTBI rats, and it is dose-dependent. The mechanism may be relevant to reduce the secondary inflammatory response of sTBI by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β.
- | Journal: Role of Herbal Medicines in the Management of Brain Injury. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 11, 2022
The different mechanisms for improvement in brain injury by these medicinal plants include HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor 1) signaling, free-radical scavenging, reduction of nitric oxide (NO) toxicity and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, decrease of pAkt and its downstream targets, downregulation of the aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) and TLR4/NF-ĸB/TNF-α signal, reduction in malondialdehyde and NO levels, increasing neuronal density in the hippocampus, and inhibition of oxidative stress. In this review, the neuroprotective actions and molecular mechanisms of herbal medicines are evaluated by reviewing available studies.
- | Journal: Are Zika virus cross-reactive antibodies against aquaporin-4 associated to Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder? (Pubmed Central) - Jan 8, 2022
Our data showed that ZIKV-associated NMOSD patients develop anti-AQP4 antibodies, but not anti-ZIKV NS2B antibodies, revealing that cross-reacting antibodies are not the underlying cause of this phenotype. ZIKV infection in mice showed persistent viral replication in the eye tissue, suggesting that NMOSD symptoms are consequence of viral infection of the optic nerve cells.
- | Journal: C3 and C4 complement levels in AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD and in MOGAD. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 8, 2022
C3 was lower in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD than in MS (p = 0.034). These findings suggest subtle complement consumption in clinically stable AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD, but not in MOGAD.
- | Journal, HEOR: Overcoming the challenges in diagnosis of AQP4-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in resource poor settings using an indigenized and cost effective cell based assay. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 8, 2022
Both assays showed similar results for 67/ 87 (77.01%) patients with definite NMOSD while 4 samples tested positive by our assay alone (Cohen's kappa coefficient [K] - 0.86). Among the high risk group 14/51 (27.5%) samples showed similar results, one patient additionally was positive by the Mangalore assay (K - 0.95).