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- | Journal: Enhanced lysosomal exocytosis and altered growth factor signaling are associated with cartilage pathology in a zebrafish model of MPSIVA. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 26, 2026
Unlike sialidosis, however, in galns mutants increased exocytosis was associated with reduced cathepsin activity, lower levels of TGF
- | Journal: Prosaposin Is Cleaved Into Saposins by Multiple Cathepsins in a Progranulin-Regulated Fashion. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 23, 2026
We confirmed the role of cathepsins D and B in PSAP processing and identified several additional lysosomal proteases (cathepsins E, K, L, S, V, G, and asparagine-specific endopeptidase) that were able to process PSAP in distinctive, pH-dependent manners. In addition, we found that PGRN and multi-granulin fragments (MGFs) directly regulated the cleavage of PSAP by cathepsin D. With this study, we have shown that multiple cathepsins, PGRN, and MGFs work in concert to produce saposins under different conditions, which could present novel opportunities to modulate saposin levels in disease.
- | Journal: Cathepsins in Ischemic Stroke: Unveiling Neuropharmacological Roles and Therapeutic Potential. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 22, 2026
By providing an integrated perspective, this article aims to uncover novel molecular pathways implicated in stroke progression and identify innovative therapeutic strategies centered on cathepsin modulation. Furthermore, this review explores the potential of cathepsins as biomarkers, paving the way for more precise, personalized interventions that could ultimately improve patient outcomes and mitigate long-term disability in ischemic stroke survivors.
- | Journal: Probing the activity of cysteine cathepsins in inflammatory bowel diseases. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 21, 2026
Collectively, these results suggest that cathepsin S, but not cathepsin X, may contribute to some of the symptoms of experimental colitis. While cathepsin S has potential to be a therapeutic target in colitis, improved strategies to sustain its inhibition are required in future.
- | Journal: Proteomic Profiling of Alveolar Macrophages Identifies Loss of Lysosomal Content as an Indicator of Nanofiber-Induced Frustrated Phagocytosis. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 17, 2026
Additionally, 17 biomarkers of nanofiber-induced toxicity were identified as potential targets for predictive, animal-free screening. These early markers may be of value for assessing nanofiber toxicity.
- || OVM-200 / Dx&Vx
P1 data, Journal, First-in-human: Survivin recombinant overlapping peptide (ROP) vaccine in advanced solid tumours: a first-in-human, multicentre, open-label, phase 1a dose-escalation study. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 15, 2026
P1
OVM-200, a survivin recombinant overlapping peptide (ROP) vaccine, consists of overlapping peptides linked by the target sequence (LRMK) for cathepsin S, preserving T-cell and most antibody epitopes...Phase 1b is ongoing to further evaluate its safety and efficacy at the selected dose. Oxford Vacmedix UK Ltd.
- | Journal: Machine learning models for prediction of (Pro)cathepsin-glycosaminoglycan binding free energies based on molecular structure. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 8, 2026
Overall, this study provides a proof of concept for using ML to estimate binding free energies in protein-GAG systems and establishes a foundation for generalizable, structure-based predictors applicable to a broad range of biomolecular complexes. Beyond predictive accuracy, this approach enables rapid screening of MMGBSA interactions, facilitating the identification of favorable binding regions and accelerating structure-guided design efforts.
- | Journal: Effect of calcium chloride injection and freezing prior to wet aging on the meat quality of cull cows. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 8, 2026
Furthermore, prior freezing can be avoided because it negatively impacts meat color. However, when freezing is already part of the industrial process, 14?days of aging has the potential to counteract its adverse effects.
- | Journal: Novel treatment strategies for cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases: Insights from cathepsin-related Mendelian randomization and Bayesian colocalization. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 7, 2026
Our findings genetically support CTSH as a protective factor against IPF, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Further studies are needed to validate additional CTS-disease associations.
- | Journal, Causal relationship: The causal relationship between cathepsins and ankylosing spondylitis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 5, 2026
Our MR analysis results suggest a potential causal relationship between cathepsin S and AS. Further studies on the pathogenesis of cathepsin-mediated AS may provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of AS.
- | Journal: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study and mediation analysis exploring the link between cathepsins and epilepsy. (Pubmed Central) - Jan 1, 2026
We found that higher levels of cathepsin E are associated with a higher chance of generalized epilepsy. Our results suggest that cathepsin E could play a key role in causing epilepsy, which could lead to new treatment options for patients who do not respond to current therapies.
- | Review, Journal: The Role of Extracellular Proteases and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in the Pre-Metastatic Niche. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 30, 2025
These protease-mediated mechanisms represent the earliest interventional window in metastatic progression, offering therapeutic potential to prevent niche formation rather than treat established metastases. However, significant methodological challenges remain, including the need for organ-specific biomarkers, improved in vivo methods for measuring protease activity, and a better understanding of temporal PMN dynamics across different target organs.
- | Review, Journal: Targeting Cathepsins in Neurodegeneration: Biochemical Advances. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 30, 2025
Targeting cathepsins presents a promising strategy for treating neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, but significant challenges remain. Future research should focus on improving drug specificity and delivery, and on developing standardized models to better predict clinical outcomes.
- Observational data, Journal: Obesity and cathepsin S in periodontal health and disease: A prospective clinical observational study. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 29, 2025
Obesity may negatively impact clinical responses to NSPT. CatS could serve as a potential biomarker linking obesity to periodontitis and NSPT outcomes.
- | Review, Journal: CD74 and Proteases: Impact of Location on Immune and Cellular Functions. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 24, 2025
Proteolytic processing of CD74 can trigger signaling cascades that modulate gene expression, underscoring its multifunctionality. Dysregulation of CD74 cleavage and its interaction with proteases has been linked to diverse pathological conditions, including cancer and autoimmune diseases, where aberrant protease activity disrupts CD74 function and promotes disease progression.
- | Journal: Bovine coronavirus enters HRT-18 cells via membrane fusion and clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a low pH-, dynamin-, cholesterol-, microtubule-, Rab7-, and Rab11-dependent manner. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 23, 2025
Here, we reveal that BCoV enters HRT-18 cells via membrane fusion and clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and acidic environment, dynamin, cholesterol, microtubules, cathepsins, Rab7, and Rab11 are also required. This study represents the first report on the mechanism of BCoV cell entry, which advances the understanding of BCoV infection pathogenesis and provides potential targets for the development of novel antiviral drugs.
- | Journal: Conformational stability of hemocyanins regulates their lysosomal and proteasomal degradation, influencing their pro-inflammatory effects on mammalian antigen-presenting cells. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 22, 2025
These findings emphasize that hemocyanins, owing to their complex oligomeric structure and high stability, are slowly processed by APCs, thereby contributing to their immunogenicity. This property is particularly relevant when hemocyanins are used as carriers for vaccine antigens because their delayed kinetics can enhance the magnitude, quality, and persistence of responses.
- | Review, Journal: Shaping the Immune Response: Cathepsins in Virus-Dendritic Cell Interactions. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 10, 2025
In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of cathepsins in DC-virus interactions, emphasizing both how DCs exploit cathepsins to generate protective immune responses and how viruses manipulate cathepsin activity to their advantage. We particularly focus on clinically relevant viral pathogens, including HIV, influenza virus, hepatitis C virus, human cytomegalovirus, Ebola virus, and SARS-CoV-2, to illustrate the multifaceted influence of cathepsins on DC biology during viral infection.
- | Journal: Cathepsins effect on diffuse large B cell lymphoma risk: A Mendelian randomization study. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 10, 2025
This study demonstrated a causal effect of CTSS on DLBCL based on the MR algorithm. Follow-up studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms between them and explore promising new therapeutic options for DLBCL patients.
- | Journal: Network Toxicology and Machine Learning Reveal the Impact of Acetyl Tributyl Citrate on Erectile Dysfunction and Identify Cathepsin S as a Critical Regulator. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 7, 2025
This study systematically elucidates how ATBC regulates CTSS expression, impacting endothelial function and contributing to ED. The findings advance understanding of environmental endocrine disruptors in male sexual dysfunction and highlight novel molecular targets for prevention and intervention.
- | Review, Journal: A comprehensive review on recent developments in near-infrared organic fluorophores for breast cancer: from molecular design to diagnostic applications. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 5, 2025
The combined efforts of these innovations to overcome challenges, such as tissue autofluorescence and shallow imaging, have improved tumor localization accuracy and treatment success. The study concludes by exploring possible future methods to enhance probes via structural alteration, dual-modal design, and receptor-mediated targeting, before diving into the remaining obstacles including phototoxicity, off-target activation, and fast systemic clearance.
- | Journal: A new chemotype that opens the S2? pocket of the 3CL protease exhibits antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 3, 2025
The binding mode of a closed analog (57) was elucidated by X-ray structure with the protease and revealed the compound opens and fills a new pocket (S2?) untargeted by others inhibitors. This original structural feature along with the promising preliminary results obtained for this new chemotype deserve future optimization to further improve potency and pharmacokinetics properties of this series.
- | Preclinical, Journal, IO biomarker: Modulatory Effect of Nimbin on Isoproterenol Induced Mitochondrial and Lysosomal Enzymes Activities and Apoptosis Signaling in Rats. (Pubmed Central) - Dec 2, 2025
This indicates that nimbin possesses cardioprotective properties and mitigates mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in rats induced with ISO. Key words Myocardial infarction " Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes " Cathepsin-D " Cardiac markers " Triterpenoid.
- | Journal: Unveiling the Molecular Mechanisms of Hemorrhagic Shock and Acute Lung Injury: An Integrative RNA-Seq and Network Analysis. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 30, 2025
Lcn2 and cathepsins (CTSS, CTSK, CTSL) emerged as particularly relevant for their multifaceted roles in inflammation, iron homeostasis, and matrix remodeling. These findings provide novel insights into the immunometabolic dysregulation underlying THS-induced ALI and suggest promising molecular targets for future therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating lung injury in critically injured trauma patients.
- | Review, Journal: It's a Trap!-Potential of Cathepsins in NET Formation. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 27, 2025
These enzymes also influence NET formation, linking classical lysosomal proteolysis to specialized immune responses. This review synthesizes current evidence on cathepsin-mediated regulation of neutrophil effector functions, highlighting their dual role in host defense and disease pathology, and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets for mitigating NET-driven inflammation in conditions such as autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
- | Journal: Altered Transcriptome Signature in Primary Human Myotubes Exposed to Inclusion Body Myositis Serum: A Pilot Case Comparison of Anti-cN1A Positive and Negative Sera. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 24, 2025
The findings suggest distinct pathological mechanisms in anti-cN1A-positive IBM, independent of direct antibody-target interactions. The role of cathepsins in IBM pathogenesis warrants further investigation.
- | Journal: Cathepsin S contributes to influenza-induced lung injury by driving inflammation, promoting apoptosis, and disrupting epithelial barrier integrity. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 19, 2025
Using both in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrate that inhibiting CTSS preserves barrier integrity and attenuates inflammation despite having no beneficial effect on viral clearance. These findings provide mechanistic insight into influenza pathogenesis and support CTSS as a promising target for host-directed interventions to mitigate cytokine storm-driven lung injury in severe respiratory viral infections.
- | Preclinical, Journal: CD8+ T Cells Negatively Modulate Ischemia-Induced Angiogenesis in Mice. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 17, 2025
Our findings indicate that CD8a+ T-cell deficiency promotes angiogenesis, and EGCG can reverse the detrimental effects of CD8a+ T-cell activation on angiogenesis. These results provide clinically relevant insights into the potential development of immune-inflammatory therapy targeting vascular diseases.
- | Review, Journal: Potential of Proteases in the Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 13, 2025
Potential new analytical tools for protease determination are discussed. More work in this area is necessary, especially by scientists equipped with new analytical tools.
- | Preclinical, Journal: Extracellular Vesicles Profiling in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines: A Proteomic Characterization. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 13, 2025
Network model analysis of EV proteins revealed several significantly modulated pathways, including inflammation activation and metastatic processes in AML cell-derived EVs. The EVs proteomic profiling allows us to identify the EVs-associated molecules and pathways that could impact cancer progression and drug resistance.
- | Journal: Bidirectional causal association between cathepsins and neuropsychiatric disorders: univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization study. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 10, 2025
The EVs proteomic profiling allows us to identify the EVs-associated molecules and pathways that could impact cancer progression and drug resistance. No abstract available
- Targeting VDAC1 to induce mitochondrial DNA (OCCC - West Halls B3-B4) - Nov 4, 2025 - Abstract #ASH2025ASH_2107;
No abstract available Accordingly, mitochondria are a dynamic hub thatintegrates metabolic stress with innate immune signaling, directly linking to lysosome-dependent cellulardeath by way of the VDAC1
- | Journal: Effect of sugarcane cystatin CaneCPI-5 on osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells. (Pubmed Central) - Nov 1, 2025
CaneCPI-5 was cytocompatible and induced higher migration, proliferation, formation of mineralized nodules, and TNAP activity in hDPSCs compared to control. In conclusion, CaneCPI-5 represents a molecule with promising application in endodontic therapy to stimulate events necessary for pulp and periapical repair/regeneration.
- | Journal: Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate Inhibit Proteolysis and Promote Lipid Oxidation in Atlantic Herring Marinades Produced on an Industrial Scale. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 29, 2025
Benzoate-sorbate combinations effectively stabilized the microbiota of marinated herring without appreciably altering basic physicochemical traits, but they retard enzymatic ripening, diminish antioxidant peptide pools, and thereby promote lipid oxidation-collectively lowering the nutritional value. The data supports a cautious, minimal-use approach to application of chemical preservatives in cold-ripened fish products.
- | Journal: A Second Opportunity for the Peptide-Based Analogues with ?-Lactam at the P1 Position: Human Cathepsin S Inhibition. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 29, 2025
In silico studies revealed that despite being solvent exposed, the ?-lactam at P1 might be involved in water-mediated H-bonds that could be optimized to gain inhibition potency and selectivity. The molecules repurposing of peptide-based SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors carrying the ?-lactam at the P1 site could pave the way for the identification of novel potent and selective hCatS ligands.
- | Journal: Causal roles of cathepsins family members in breast cancer subtypes: insights from Mendelian randomization and bioinformatics analysis. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 22, 2025
The findings highlight the potential of these markers as subtype-specific biomarkers for precision diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis evaluation in breast cancer. These results deepen our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying breast cancer and offer both experimental and theoretical support for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting the cathepsin family.
- | Journal: High-throughput proteomic profiling reveals dysregulated serum proteins in low fertility bulls linked to nutrient-autophagy-inflammation-extracellular matrix axis. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 22, 2025
These findings suggest that the proteomic variations in blood serum may underlie the reduced fertility observed in low-fertility bulls. It is concluded that low-fertility bulls exhibit significant dysregulation in several serum proteins associated with the nutrient-autophagy-inflammation-extracellular matrix axis, and the identified proteins may serve as potential biomarkers for selecting high-fertility crossbred bulls for breeding programs.
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1? Promotes Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Through Upregulation of Cathepsin S Expression in Diabetic Kidney Disease (Exhibit Hall, Convention Center) - Oct 18, 2025 - Abstract #KIDNEYWEEK2025KIDNEY_WEEK_3876;
involved in the pathogenic process of DKD, and HIF-1? might induce EMT and TIF to deteriorate DKD through upregulating CTSS.
- Integrating Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization into Proteomic Analysis to Prioritize Plasma Proteins for Regulating and Monitoring Kidney Function (Exhibit Hall, Convention Center) - Oct 18, 2025 - Abstract #KIDNEYWEEK2025KIDNEY_WEEK_2514;
Conclusion Our study framework, which integrates proteomics with bidirectional Mendelian randomization analyses, helps prioritize key proteins for future research, both as potential drug targets and as biomarkers of kidney function. The prognostic value of these proteins also warrants further investigation.
- | Journal: Cutting the Gordian knot: Untangling gasdermin C from pyroptosis. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 16, 2025
In this issue of Immunity, Pandey et al. show how cathepsin S cleaves intestinal epithelial gasdermin C to amplify type 2 immune responses.
- | Review, Journal: Exploring the Role of Exercise and the Lysosomal Cathepsin Family in the Regulation of Vascular-Musculoskeletal Degenerative Diseases. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 11, 2025
The review elucidates several key concepts: the intricate interaction between vascular aging and musculoskeletal degenerative pathologies; the pivotal roles of lysosomal cathepsins in disease progression through metabolic regulation, inflammatory modulation, macrophage polarization, and autophagy dysfunction; and the multifaceted mechanisms by which exercise influences cathepsin activity, including calcium homeostasis, cellular energy metabolism enhancement, inflammatory response reduction, autophagy stimulation, myokine secretion, and vascular function improvement. This comprehensive analysis provides novel insights into exercise as a selective modulator of lysosomal cathepsin activity, highlighting its significant potential for advancing diagnostic and clinical therapeutic approaches.
- | Alecensa (alectinib) / Roche
Journal: Computational drug repurposing reveals Alectinib as a potential lead targeting Cathepsin S for therapeutic developments against cancer and chronic pain. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 10, 2025
These computational findings suggest that Alectinib may have potential as a repurposed CathS inhibitor, warranting further experimental testing in relevant cancer and chronic pain models. Notably, these results are based solely on computational analysis and require empirical validation.
- | Review, Journal: Cathepsin C: A Critical Mediator Between Immune Response and Cardiovascular Disease - Therapeutic Implications of Enzyme Inhibition. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 9, 2025
For CatC inhibitors to reach their full therapeutic potential, barriers such as multifunctional regulation, systemic effects, and host-specific responses must be overcome in future studies. Omics technologies, biomarker discovery, combination treatments, and other novel approaches are expected to provide solutions for the management of inflammatory and immunological diseases, which would point toward addressing systemic diseases.
- | Biomarker, Journal: Cystatin D as a biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis: relation to disease activity and joint damage. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 9, 2025
Moreover, its negative correlation with the DAS28 and the Larsen score suggests that it may be a marker adding to the DAS28 for the follow-up of disease activity and prediction of radiological joint damage. However, further studies with large sample sizes and long follow-up periods are required.
- | Journal: RETRACTION: Association Between Cathepsins and Skin Cancers: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 9, 2025
However, further studies with large sample sizes and long follow-up periods are required. No abstract available
- | Journal: Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in utilizing host transmembrane serine proteases. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 7, 2025
These findings reveal how variant-specific differences in protease usage are linked to spike protein mutations and cleavage site evolution. By illuminating the dynamic interplay between viral adaptation and host protease specificity, this work provides insights into mechanisms that influence viral transmission and immune evasion, with implications for developing targeted antiviral strategies and understanding the evolution of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
- | Review, Journal: Host proteases: key regulators in viral infection and therapeutic targeting. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 6, 2025
Elucidating the multidimensional roles of host proteases in infection is crucial for designing the next-generation of broad-spectrum, anti-drug resistance antiviral strategies. This review systematically summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of host proteases at various stages of viral infection and advances in targeted intervention strategies, providing theoretical support for the development of resistance-resistant and broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
- | Journal: Botulinum Toxin A Modulates Keratinocyte Proliferation and Inflammatory and Pruritic Mediators in Wound Healing. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 4, 2025
BTA promotes keratinocyte proliferation and reduces TGF-?-induced inflammatory and pruritus-associated mediators. These findings suggest that BTA may facilitate wound healing by promoting keratinocyte proliferation while simultaneously modulating inflammation and pruritic responses.
- | Journal: Proteomic Insight into the Ontogeny of Blood-Meal Digestion in the tick Ixodes ricinus. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 1, 2025
We also detected different types of protease inhibitors and proposed their regulatory role in controlling both endogenous (tick-derived) and host protease activities in the midgut tissue and luminal contents storing ingested blood. These results provide comprehensive insights into the physiology of the tick midgut and offer new opportunities for the development of future control strategies against ticks and tick-borne diseases.
- | Journal: Proteome and secretome profiling of the melanoma-induced transition towards immune incompetent dendritic cells reveals enhanced IDO1, cathepsin, and legumain activity. (Pubmed Central) - Oct 1, 2025
Together, our findings represent the first characterization of the proteome and secretome of human melanoma-induced DC3s. This revealed several protein-driven pro-tumor-mechanisms active in ti-DC3s that potentially contribute to creating an immune environment favorable for tumor progression.